targeted-toxins

Parent MJ, Cyr M, Aliaga A, Kostikov A, Schirrmacher E, Soucy JP, Mechawar N, Rosa-Neto P, Bedard MA (2013) Concordance between in vivo and postmortem measurements of cholinergic denervation in rats using PET with [18F]FEOBV and choline acetyltransferase immunochemistry. EJNMMI Res 3(1):70. doi: 10.1186/2191-219X-3-70

Summary: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents have been developed for the quantitative evaluation of cholinergic systems in vivo, and in this work the authors examine the concordance between the in vivo use of PET and post-mortem analysis of cholinergic damage. Rats received unilateral 0.2-0.25 μg injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Animals were scanned using [18F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol, then sacrificed for cholineacetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. The results support the use of PET as an in vivo method for analyzing the loss of cholinergic neurons.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Baxter MG, Bucci DJ, Gorman LK, Wiley RG, Gallagher M (2013) Reprint: Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: Effects on learning and memory in rats. Behav Neurosci 127(5):619-627 . doi: 10.1037/a0033939

Summary: In this reprint of a 1995 article, 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was used to separate the depletion of cortical cholineacetyltransferase and behavioral impairment – which had previously been linked by research using less specific lesioning methods. Since the original 1995 publication, hundreds of papers have been published using a variety of lesioning techniques and a wide range of ATS products.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Baxter MG et al. Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: effects on learning and memory in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:714-722, 1995.

Baxter MG, Bucci DJ (2013) Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: twenty years of research and new directions. Behav Neurosci 127(5):611-618 . doi: 10.1037/a0033781

Summary: This review covers twenty years of basal forebrain cholinergic lesioning. The initial use of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) is discussed, as well as other immunotoxins such as GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) and OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02). The findings generated by the use of 192-IgG-SAP and how those data have helped forward the understanding of how the cholinergic system functions in the basal forebrain are detailed. The authors also discuss new directions in the field.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Ferrini F, De Koninck Y (2013) Featured Article: Role of spinal microglia in the development of morphine-induced hyperalgesia. Targeting Trends 14(4)

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Ferrini F et al. Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 16(2):183-192, 2013.

Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT, Wiater MF, Eskelsen AK, Ritter S (2013) Hindbrain catecholamine neurons control rapid switching of metabolic substrate use during glucoprivation in male rats. Endocrinology 154(12):4570-4579. doi: 10.1210/en.2013-1589

Summary: Previous work has shown that corticosterone secretion in response to glucoprivation is at least in part controlled by hindbrain catecholamine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In this work the authors investigate the metabolic consequences of lesioning these neurons. Rats received bilateral 82-ng infusions of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVH. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Although lesioned animals had the same energy expenditure and locomotor activity as controls, they also had a higher respiratory exchange ratio, indicating a reduced ability to switch from carbohydrate to fat metabolism in response to glucoprivation.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Bitzenhofer SH, Hanganu-Opatz IL (2014) Oscillatory coupling within neonatal prefrontal-hippocampal networks is independent of selective removal of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 77:57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.007 PMID: 24056266

Summary: During cognitive tasks neuronal networks are entrained by oscillatory electrical rhythms with different frequencies. It has been proposed that GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal-hippocampal networks control this processing. The authors administered 252 ng of Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71) into the ventral hippocampus of rats to examine how the GABAergic neurons could be involved. Unconjugated anti-vGAT (Cat #AB-N44) was used as a control. Hippocampal sharp waves were impaired during neonatal development, but the data indicate that oscillatory coupling between the neonatal prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is not controlled by GABAergic hippocampal interneurons.

Related Products: Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71), vGAT Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N44)

Gulino R, Gulisano M (2013) Noggin and Sonic hedgehog are involved in compensatory changes within the motoneuron-depleted mouse spinal cord. J Neurol Sci 332(1-2):102-109. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.06.029

Summary: Noggin (NOG) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) are both involved in the generation and organization of neural tissues. In order to clarify the role of these two proteins in the regulation of neurogenesis and/or neuroplasticity the authors used a motoneuron depletion model in the mouse spinal cord. 3 μg of CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14) was injected into each of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and the expression of NOG and Shh were monitored. Motor performance also correlated with NOG and Shh levels, indicating that these proteins could play roles in regeneration and functional restoration.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

da Silva EF, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Custodio CH, Ghedini PC, Bataus LA, Colombari E, de Castro CH, Colugnati DB, Rosa DA, Cravo SL, Pedrino GR (2013) A1 noradrenergic neurons lesions reduce natriuresis and hypertensive responses to hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 8(9):e73187. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073187

Summary: Using bilateral 63-ng injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into two levels of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the authors assessed several pressor responses to infusion of hypertonic saline. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results suggest that medullary noradrenergic A1 neurons are involved in the regulation of some responses to acute changes in body fluid composition.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Lee YS, Danandeh A, Baratta J, Lin CY, Yu J, Robertson RT (2013) Neurotrophic factors rescue basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and improve performance on a spatial learning test. Exp Neurol 249C:178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.012

Summary: It is thought that therapeutic treatments of the cholinergic system may be a viable treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In order to examine this hypothesis the authors administered a total of 160 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) in the form of bilateral injections into the medial septum. The lesioned animals then received 4-week infusions of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, or both into the lateral ventricles. Animals treated with any neurotrophin, either alone or as a combination, retained more ChAT-positive neurons and performed better on a delayed match-to-position task than control animals. The data strengthen the theory that exogenous neurotrophic factors ameliorate the effects of Alzheimer’s disease.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Chang ST, Liu YP, Huang CL, Wang PY, Tung CS (2013) Implication of cerebral dopamine-beta hydroxylase for cardiovascular and mood regulation in rats. Chin J Physiol 56(4):209-218. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2013.BAB103

Summary: The ascending fibers affected by norepinephrine are involved in a variety of processes, including emotion, anxiety, and regulation of central autonomic outflows such as cardiovascular regulation and energy balance. The authors examined whether the loss of norephinephrine would cause autonomic failure in cardiovascular regulation. Rats received a single intraventricular injection of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that norepinephrine deficits in the brain influence reduction of excitatory responses to orthostatic stress.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)