targeted-toxins

Kanai T, Watanabe M, Okazawa A, Sato T, Yamazaki M, Okamoto S, Ishii H, Totsuka T, Iiyama R, Okamoto R, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M, Takeda K, Akira S, Hibi T (2001) Macrophage-derived IL-18-mediated intestinal inflammation in the murine model of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol 121:875-888. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.28021

Summary: Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is associated with several changes in the immune system, including an increased number of infiltrating macrophages. These macrophages release a variety of cytokines that are responsible for inflammation. The authors investigated the role of these macrophages in a mouse model by eliminating them with Mac-1-SAP (20 µg parenterally in tail vein; Cat. #IT-06). Seven days after treatment, mice showed no evidence of intestinal inflammation. These data demonstrate the role of macrophages in the development of inflammatory bowel conditions.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)

Jasmin L, Ohara PT (2001) Long-term intrathecal catheterization in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 110:81-89. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00420-4

Summary: The authors have developed a method that allows repeated administration of drugs with minimal stress to an experimental animal. To test the efficacy of this intrathecal catheter, they injected anti-DBH-SAP (5 µg; Cat. #IT-03,) and investigated the noradrenergic denervation of the spinal cord. All animals treated with anti-DBH-SAP showed extensive loss of spinal noradrenergic ennervation. Even three months after catheter implantation, the elimination of noradrenergic neurons in the spinal cord could be produced. This indicates the intrathecal catheter is an effective tool for the study of multiple-dose drug delivery.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Gerashchenko D, Kohls MD, Greco M, Waleh NS, Salin-Pascual R, Kilduff TS, Lappi DA, Shiromani PJ (2001) Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 21(18):7273-7283. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07273.2001 PMID: 11549737

Summary: Orexin (also knows as hypocretin) peptides are produced exclusively by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, however non-specific lesioning in this region has not produced narcoleptic-like sleep. Gerashchenko et al. use orexin-SAP (490 ng/0.5 µl; Cat. #IT-20) to specifically eliminate orexin neurons in rats. The treated rats displayed several sleep disturbances found in narcolepsy, including increased slow-wave sleep, and sleep-onset REM sleep periods. The data suggest that orexin-SAP can be used to create a model for narcolepsy in rats.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, affinity-purified FITC-labeled (Cat. #AB-15APFL), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP)

Gerashchenko D, Salin-Pascual R, Shiromani PJ (2001) Effects of hypocretin-saporin injections into the medial septum on sleep and hippocampal theta. Brain Res 913:106-115. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02792-5

Summary: Hypocretin, also known as orexin, neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus. Recently, the loss of these neurons was shown to be associated with narcolepsy. The authors used orexin-SAP (100 ng/0.5 µl; Cat. #IT-20) to eliminate parvalbumin and cholinergic neurons (orexin B receptor-expressing) in the rat medial septum. They used 192-Saporin (1 µg/ 1 µl; Cat. #IT-01) to contrast the effect and eliminate only cholinergic neurons (NGF/p75 receptor-expressing). Hippocampal theta activity was completely eliminated in orexin-SAP treated rats by day 12, suggesting that orexin neurons influence cognitive processes critical for survival.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Ferreira G, Meurisse M, Gervais R, Ravel N, Levy F (2001) Extensive immunolesions of basal forebrain cholinergic system impair offspring recognition in sheep. Neuroscience 106(1):103-116. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00265-2

Summary: Through the use of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) the association of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to learning instrumental tasks has been well established in the rat. The authors wished to examine whether these neurons were also associated with social learning tasks, such as offspring recognition in sheep. Using ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15) the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons of sheep were lesioned by intraventricular bilateral injections (150 µg). The results demonstrate that these neurons contribute to visual discrimination learning, and are involved in formation of lamb recognition memory.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)

Harrell LE, Parsons D, Kolasa K (2001) Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth occurs following 192-IgG-saporin administration. Brain Res 911:158-162. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02626-9

Summary: Electrolytic lesions of the medial septal region in rats cause peripheral sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglia to grow into the cholinergically-denervated areas of the hippocampus. This lesioning method is non-specific and disrupts several other cell types in the area of the lesion. The authors infused 192-Saporin (1 µg/10 µl saline into medial septum; Cat. #IT-01) to eliminate only the cholinergic neurons, leaving other cell types intact. Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth still occurs when only the cholinergic neurons are eliminated, indicating that this occurrence is in response to the loss of cholinergic projections from the medial septum.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Burk JA, Sarter M (2001) Dissociation between the attentional functions mediated via basal forebrain cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. Neuroscience 105(4):899-909. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00233-0

Summary: The specificity and efficacy of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) has allowed the extensive investigation of cortical cholinergic inputs in attentional functions. Little is known about the function of non-cholinergic neurons because of the lack of a specific tool to eliminate these projections. The authors injected 192-Saporin (0.1 µg/0.5 µl bilateral infusions) into rats and compared performance to rats treated with ibotenic acid to eliminate GABAergic neurons in attention performance tasks. While the ibotenic acid lesions were not as specific as those produced by 192-Saporin, the data suggest a role for the basal forebrain GABAergic neurons in attentional functions.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Daniels D, Miselis RR, Flanagan-Cato LM (2001) Transneuronal tracing from sympathectomized lumbar epaxial muscle in female rats. J Neurobiol 48(4):278-290. doi: 10.1002/neu.1057

Summary: The authors use pseudorabies virus (PRV) to study central neural networks such as the one controlling the lordosis reflex (increased curvature of the spine). To aid in the separation of the sympathetic nervous system and higher order systems, rats were treated with lumbar injections of anti-DBH-SAP (156 ng to 5 µg; Cat. #IT-03), then labeled with PRV. PRV labeling in the brain was absent in areas associated with vasomotor tone, but persisted in areas implicated in control of the lordosis response.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Linster C, Garcia PA, Hasselmo ME, Baxter MG (2001) Selective loss of cholinergic neurons projecting to the olfactory system increases perceptual generalization between similar, but not dissimilar, odorants. Behav Neurosci 115(4):826-833. doi: 10.1037//0735-7044.115.4.826

Summary: Selective cholinergic lesioning of the basal forebrain has been linked to attentional and cognitive deficits. 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) was administered to the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (0.3 µl at 0.175 µg/µl in each hemisphere) destroying projections to the olfactory bulb and cortex. The results demonstrate cholinergic lesions affect the perceptual qualities of odors, and may possibly represent a general mechanism for cholinergic effects on information processing.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Gray PA, Janczewski WA, Mellen N, McCrimmon DR, Feldman JL (2001) Normal breathing requires preBotzinger complex neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons. Nat Neurosci 4(9):927-930. doi: 10.1038/nn0901-927

Summary: SP-SAP was effective in eliminating preBötC NK1R neurons in adult rats. Unilateral SP-SAP injection transiently produced sighs (large inspiratory efforts followed by prolonged expiration).

Usage: Injections of 0.1–0.2 pmol of SP-SAP or 0.3 pmol each of unconjugated Saporin and Substance P were made in the pre-BötC.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07)