targeted-toxins

Nazmuddin M, Philippens IHCHM, van Laar T (2021) Electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis of meynert: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical data. Sci Rep 11(1):11751. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91391-0

Objective: Review the design of stimulation experiments on the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and its effects on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects.

Summary: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the NBM (nucleus basalis of Meynert) in animal studies and the effects on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects are systematically reviewed. Translation of these outcomes to current clinical practice is hampered by the fact that mainly animals with an intact NBM were used, and most animals were stimulated unilaterally. Lee et al. (2016) addressed both of these issues using 192-IgG-SAP to lesion the NBM, which was stimulated thereafter.

Usage: Lee et al. lesioned the basal forebrain of rats through bilateral injections totaling 5 μg of 192-IgG-SAP into the lateral ventricle.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Lee J et al. The effect of nucleus basalis magnocellularis deep brain stimulation on memory function in a rat model of dementia. BMC Neurol 16:6, 2016.

Aikins A, Little J, Cunningham, J (2021) Role of A1/A2 neurons in the dysregulation of vasopressin release and dilutional hyponatremia in liver disease. FASEB J 35(1) Experimental Biology 2021 Meeting Abstracts. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.04975 PMID: 0

Summary: Experiments suggest that A1/A2 neurons could be involved in the increased plasma AVP seen in male BDL rats as well as the decreased plasma osmolality.

Usage: Selective lesioning of the supraoptic nucleus (SON)-projecting A1/A2 norepinephrine neurons was achieved using anti-DBH-SAP.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Borkowski L, Nichols N (2021) Utilization of pectoralis minor accessory inspiratory muscles in a rodent model of respiratory motor neuron loss. FASEB J 35(S1) Experimental Biology 2021 Meeting Abstracts. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.01843 PMID: 0

Objective: To develop a model of selective respiratory motor neuron death to study how breathing is impacted and advance targeted therapeutic interventions.

Summary: Prior to ventilatory failure, patients can maintain breathing potentially via recruitment of accessory inspiratory muscles (e.g., pectoralis minor). The data suggest that the pectoralis minor muscles have an independent motor pool that can become recruited to assist in maintaining eupnea (normal respiration).

Usage: Adult male rats received bilateral CTB-SAP or control (CTB unconjugated to SAP) intrapleurally.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Ku SK, Lim JM, Cho HR, Bashir KMI, Kim YS, Choi JS (2021) Tart cherry (fruit of prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (tccp) ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced muscular atrophy in mice. Medicina (Kaunas) 57(5):485. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050485 PMID: 34066110

Summary: Tart cherries have shown memory impairment lowering properties.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Matchynski JJ et al. Combinatorial Treatment of Tart Cherry Extract and Essential Fatty Acids Reduces Cognitive Impairments and Inflammation in the mu-p75 Saporin-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Food 16(4):288-295, 2013.

Kawanabe R, Yoshihara K, Hatada I, Tsuda M (2021) Activation of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes by noxious stimuli involves descending noradrenergic signaling. Mol Brain 14(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s13041-021-00788-5

Summary: Astrocytes are critical regulators of neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) increase intracellular Ca2+ levels following intraplantar injection of the noxious irritant, formalin, however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The authors investigated these mechanisms by focusing on the role of descending noradrenergic (NAergic). Activation of α1A-adrenaline receptors via descending LC-NAergic signals may be a common mechanism underlying astrocytic Ca2+ responses in the SDH evoked by noxious stimuli, including chemical irritants

Usage: Intrathecal treatment with Anti-DBH-SAP, which kills SDH-projecting NAergic neurons, attenuates formalin pain (5.0 µg/20 µl; Martin et al., 1999)

See: Martin WJ et al. Differential effects of neurotoxic destruction of descending noradrenergic pathways on acute and persistent nociceptive processing. Pain 80:57-65, 1999.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

da Costa C, Soares JI, Lukoyanov NV (2021) Forebrain cholinergic plasticity in rats with chronic epilepsy induced by status epilepticus. . 14th U.PORTO Young Researchers Meeting

Summary: This poster had the following aims: 1) Evaluate the GABAergic population in the MS/DB in a chronic epilepsy model of kainic acid (KA)-treated rats. 2) Assess the GABAergic and cholinergic interconnectivity in the MS/DB in a chronic epilepsy model of kainic acid (KA)-treated rats. Results showed that outcomes were improved in rats receiving 192-IgG-SAP treatment as compared to Sham. Mortality: Sham – 50%; SAP – 0%.Recurrent motor seizures: Sham – 83%; SAP – 40%. Recurrent motor + EEG seizures: Sham – 100%; SAP – 50%.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was used to produce a moderate, but significant loss of septohippocampal cholinergic cells and to suppress their plasticity.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kim HN, Kim JY (2021) A systematic review of oropharyngeal dysphagia models in rodents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(9):4987. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094987

Objective: To organize the rodent models of oropharyngeal dysphagia reported to date.

Summary: Applying and analyzing the treatment in rodent models of dysphagia induced from various causes is an essential process to develop symptom-specific treatments. The results of this study provide fundamental and important data for selecting appropriate animal models to study dysphagia.

Usage: CTB-SAP treated rats exhibited targeted hypoglossal motor neuron death; decreased hypoglossal motor output; and swallowing and lick deficits.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Ming X, Prasad N, Thulasi V, Elkins K, Shivamurthy VKN (2021) Possible contribution of cerebellar disinhibition in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 118:107944. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107944

Summary: The authors hypothesize that loss of inhibition from the cerebellum can lead to cortical activation and seizures. An animal study showed microinjection of SSP-SAP produced a selective ablation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in vivo and a highly focal disinhibition. These results also demonstrate that the ‘‘epileptic” pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus or head trauma can be replicated by focal interneuron loss, without involving principal cell loss and other interpretive confounds inherent in the use of global neurologic injury models.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

See Also:

• Martin JL et al. Focal inhibitory interneuron loss and principal cell hyperexcitability in the rat hippocampus after microinjection of a neurotoxic conjugate of saporin and a peptidase-resistant analog of substance P. J Comp Neurol 436:127-152, 2001.
• Chun E et al. Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation by stable substance P-saporin causes hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia 60(5):e52-e57, 2019.

Madrid LI, Jimenez-Martin J, Coulson EJ, Jhaveri DJ (2021) Cholinergic regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent functions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 134:105969. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105969

Summary: In this review, the authors appraise the evidence linking the contribution of cholinergic signalling to the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent functions.

Usage: A hallmark feature of all basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is the expression of high levels of the p75 neurotrophin receptor which can be precisely targeted using 192-IgG-SAP. Administration of 192-IgG-SAP (icv, 2.5 µg, Mohapel et al., 2005) resulted in significant impairment in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. In contrast, a study which lesioned MS cholinergic neurons in mice reported no effect on baseline proliferation in the hippocampus. Mice received 3.6 µg of mu p75-SAP into each lateral ventricle (Ho et al., 2009). Although the number of surviving neurons was similar in both lesioned and control animals, most of the progenitor cells in the lesioned animals could not survive without cholinergic input.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Mohapel P et al. Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning. Neurobiol Aging 26:939-946, 2005.
• Ho NF et al. Effect of voluntary running on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cholinergic lesioned mice. BMC Neurosci 10:57, 2009.

Loftén A, Adermark L, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2021) An acetylcholine-dopamine interaction in the nucleus accumbens and its involvement in ethanol’s dopamine-releasing effect. Addict Biol 26(3):e12959. doi: 10.1111/adb.12959

Summary: Basal extracellular levels of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens are not sustained by muscarinic acetylcholine, whereas accumbal Cholinergic interneurons-ACh are involved in mediating ethanol-induced dopamine release.

Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP were infused at a flow rate of 0.05 μl/min for 10 min giving a total volume of 0.5 μl.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)