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Chemical and biological characterization of vaccine adjuvant QS-21 produced via plant cell culture
Lv X, Martin J, Hoover H, Joshi B, Wilkens M, Ullisch DA, Leibold T, Juchum JS, Revadkar S, Kalinovska B, Keith J, Truby A, Liu G, Sun E, Haserick J, DeGnore J, Conolly J, Hill AVS, Baldoni J, Kensil C, Levey D, Spencer AJ, Gorr G, Findeis M, Tanne A (2024) Chemical and biological characterization of vaccine adjuvant QS-21 produced via plant cell culture. iScience 27(3):109006. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109006 PMID: 38361610
Objective: To report for the first time successful plant cell culture production of Quillaja saponaria (QS)-21 having structural, chemical, and biological properties similar to the bark-extracted product.
Summary: The data demonstrate that cell culture is a sustainable alternative to natural resources to produce QS-21 as an adjuvant. In this proof-of-concept approach, it’s shown that the chemical, biochemical, and biophysical equivalence of bark extract and cell culture-derived QS-21 translate into conserved biological and adjuvant properties both in vitro and in vivo.
Usage: Pseudo cross-presentation assays (25 ng/mL Saporin).
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Self-assembly of epitope-tagged proteins and antibodies for delivering biologics to antigen presenting cells
Gong S, Qiu J, Thayumanavan S (2024) Self-assembly of epitope-tagged proteins and antibodies for delivering biologics to antigen presenting cells. J Am Chem Soc 146(1):33-38. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c09334 PMID: 38147631
Objective: To describe a simple self-assembly strategy for generating artificial immune complexes.
Summary: The built-in recognition domains in the antibody, viz. the Fab and Fc domains, are judiciously leveraged for cargo conjugation to generate the nanoassembly and macrophage targeting, respectively. A responsive linker is engineered into the nanoassembly for releasing the protein cargo inside the macrophages while ensuring stability during delivery.
Usage: Cytotoxicity assay to measure cell death with targeted saporin.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Heterophyllin: A new adenia toxic lectin with peculiar biological properties
Bortolotti M, Biscotti F, Zanello A, Polito L, Bolognesi A (2024) Heterophyllin: A new adenia toxic lectin with peculiar biological properties. Toxins 16(1):1. doi: 10.3390/toxins16010001 PMID: 38276525
Objective: Describe the novel type II Ribosome Inactivating Protein, Heterophyllin.
Summary: Heterophyllin, a novel toxic lectin from Adenia heterophylla shows enzymatic and lectin properties of type 2 RIPs. Heterophyllin was able to completely abolish cell viability at nM concentration. The enzymatic, immunological, and biological activities of heterophyllin provide interest in possible pharmacological application.
Usage: Saporin is used as a Type I Ribosome Inactivating Protein to compare it to Heterophyllin, a type II RIP.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Intracellular protein delivery: Approaches, challenges, and clinical applications
Chan A, Tsourkas A (2024) Intracellular protein delivery: Approaches, challenges, and clinical applications. BME Frontiers 5:0035. doi: 10.34133/bmef.0035 PMID: 38282957
Objective: To review progress made towards achieving cytosolic delivery of recombinant proteins and possible strategies to enable proteins to cross cell membranes.
Summary: Drug delivery researchers have worked to deliver saporin into tumor cells in the hopes of producing potent next-generation cancer therapeutics. Cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic versions of poly(β-amino ester) have been developed for delivery of saporin. Chemically-modified saporin can be encapsulated by cationic LNPs for in vivo tumor inhibition. Saporin has been used as a model cargo protein for in vivo delivery via fluoropolymer nanoparticles for successful tumor growth inhibition.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Hosts and heterologous expression strategies of recombinant toxins for therapeutic purposes
di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R (2023) Hosts and heterologous expression strategies of recombinant toxins for therapeutic purposes. Toxins (Basel) 15(12):699. doi: 10.3390/toxins15120699 PMID: 38133203
Objective: Review the recombinant expression of toxins from bacterial, plant, or animal species used as components of immunotoxins.
Summary: Commercial production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes involves the utilization of various hosts, with the most common choices being bacteria, yeasts, and mammalian cell lines. The authors also provide an overview of the primary advantages and disadvantages of various systems for toxin manufacturing.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Engineered smart materials for RNA based molecular therapy to treat Glioblastoma
Singh RR, Mondal I, Janjua T, Popat A, Kulshreshtha R (2023) Engineered smart materials for RNA based molecular therapy to treat Glioblastoma. Bioact Mater 33:396-426. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.007 PMID: 38059120
Objective: A review of non-coding RNA therapy and its targeted delivery of nucleic acids to treat Glioblastoma, emphasizing smart nano-materials.
Summary: Nano-carriers of ncRNA can offer unique advantages in fighting, such as low cytotoxicity, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, stealth to bypass immune detection, prolonged release of the cargo, improved circulatory time, and also targeted therapy.
Usage: Saporin as a payload to the nano-carriers angiopep-2 peptide and RAP12.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
The specificity landscape of bacterial ribonuclease P
Chamberlain AR, Huynh L, Huang W, Taylor DJ, Harris ME (2023) The specificity landscape of bacterial ribonuclease P. J Biol Chem 300(1):105498. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105498 PMID: 38013087
Objective: Review of the specificity of ribonucleoprotein RNase P in binding different types of RNA.
Summary: Ribonucelase P is involved in the RNA metabolism pathways. By studying the rate at which it combines with different types of RNA under different conditions, like concentration and competition with different enzymes, a model describing its specificity to different RNA motifs can be developed.
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Exploring the potential of nanogels: From drug carriers to radiopharmaceutical agents
Kubeil M, Suzuki Y, Casulli MA, Kamal R, Hashimoto T, Bachmann M, Hayashita T, Stephan H (2023) Exploring the potential of nanogels: From drug carriers to radiopharmaceutical agents. Adv Healthc Mater e2301404. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202301404 PMID: 37717209
Summary: This review provides a brief overview of current developments of nanogels in the fields of drug delivery, therapeutic applications, tissue engineering and sensor systems. The authors described one development using saporin. Mimicking the function of molecular chaperones, Kawasaki et al. created magnetic in vivo protein transport nanogels with encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanogels also contained saporin, which was rapidly released by an exchange reaction with serum protein. The evaluation using an oral cancer model revealed a reduction in tumor volume and suppression of tumor regrowth, with no change in body weight.
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Mast cell silencing: A novel therapeutic approach for urticaria and other mast cell-mediated diseases
Metz M, Kolkhir P, Altrichter S, Siebenhaar F, Levi-Schaffer F, Youngblood BA, Church MK, Maurer M (2023) Mast cell silencing: A novel therapeutic approach for urticaria and other mast cell-mediated diseases. Allergy doi: 10.1111/all.15850 PMID: 37605867
Objective: Authors review the role of mast cells (MC) in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria (CU), explore current therapeutic strategies, and introduce the concept of MC silencing as a strategy to block activation of MCs without eliciting immunosuppressive adverse effects.
Summary: CU is a MC-dependent disease with limited therapeutic options. Current strategies are directed at inhibiting IgE-mediated activation of MCs. MC depletion or silencing strategies are being developed to overcome limitations of singularly targeted agents. MC silencers, such as monoclonal antibodies that engage inhibitory receptor like sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin8 (Siglec-8) have reached preclinical stages of development. Siglecs have been shown to be internalized upon antibody engagement, such as Siglec-8, and is being used to deplete MCs via conjugating saporin to the internalizing Siglec-8 antibody to cause cell death in human mast cells.
Usage: Usage: Anti-Siglec-8 (2C4)-SAP was used at 2.5 µg/ml to eliminate eosinophils and at 1.25 µg/ml to eliminate the HMC-1.2 human mast cell line.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
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Emerging non-viral vectors for gene delivery
Wang C, Pan C, Yong H, Wang F, Bo T, Zhao Y, Ma B, He W, Li M (2023) Emerging non-viral vectors for gene delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 21(1):272. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02044-5 PMID: 37592351
Summary: This review describes the fastest-growing and efficient non-viral gene delivery vectors that include liposomes and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), highly branched poly(β-amino ester) (HPAE), single-chain cyclic polymer (SCKP), poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, and polyethyleneimine (PEI). One group designed and synthesized HPAEs with positive and negative charges to deliver saporin. Another group performed cell experiments that demonstrated that a boronic acid-grafted dendrimer vector had good delivery ability for saporin.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)