saporin

Schiltz JC, Sawchenko PE (2007) Specificity and generality of the involvement of catecholaminergic afferents in hypothalamic responses to immune insults. J Comp Neurol 502:455-467. doi: 10.1002/cne.21329

Summary: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the cytokines that mediates interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system. 380-ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) were made into the paraventricular nucleus (PVH) of rats. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) and mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) were used as controls. Lesioned animals demonstrated reduced responses to administration of IL-1, but restraint stress responses were left intact. The data suggest that ascending catecholaminergic projections mediate PVH response to IL-1.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Pascual J, Heinrichs SC (2007) Olfactory neophobia and seizure susceptibility phenotypes in an animal model of epilepsy are normalized by impairment of brain corticotropin releasing factor. Epilepsia 48:827-833. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01024.x

Summary: Olfactory recognition has been linked to epilepsy in behavioral phenotype models. This work examines the role brain stress neuropeptides play in the manifestation of neurological perturbations. Mice were injected with 2 µg/5 µl of CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13) into the lateral ventricle. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The lesioned mice displayed a temporary reduction in seizure susceptibility, and the reversal of olfactory deficits towards the detection of food.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zhang ET, King T, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Lai J, Porreca F (2007) Spinal NK-1 receptor expressing neurons mediate opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance via activation of descending pathways. Pain 129:35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.033

Summary: Administration of opioids can induce hyperalgesia in humans and other mammals. In this work the authors examined the role of NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the spinal dorsal horn during a hyperalgesic condition not induced by tissue injury. 5 µl of 10 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) was injected into the intrathecal space of rats. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Osmotic pumps then delivered morphine. Data from the lesioned animals indicate that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons play a critical role in this hyperalgesic circuit.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Abdala AP, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E (2006) Ablation of NK(1) receptor bearing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract blunts cardiovascular reflexes in awake rats. Brain Res 1119(1):165-173. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.059

Summary: Cardiovascular function is largely controlled by the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). This work focuses on the baroreflex, cardiopulmonary chemoreflex, and arterial chemoreflex. Rats were injected with either 20 nl of 2 µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) into the subpostremal NTS, or 200 nl into the subpostremal and commissural NTS. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Using various testing methods it was established that NK-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NTS are critical for these reflexes.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Keener WK, Rivera VR, Young CC, Poli MA (2006) An activity-dependent assay for ricin and related RNA N-glycosidases based on electrochemiluminescence. Anal Biochem 357(2):200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.005

Summary: The authors use synthetic biotinylated RNA substrates to assay adenine-specific RNA N-glycosidases, one of which is saporin (Cat. #PR-01). The RNA substrates are annealed to a ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide, allowing the capture of ruthenium chelate on magnetic beads. The N-glycosidase activity can then be detected by enzyme-linked chemiluminescence. The developed assay provides a robust method for assessing threats involving N-glycosidases.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Bugarith K, Dinh TT, Li AJ, Speth RC, Ritter S (2006) Featured Article: Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Targeting Trends 7(4)

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Bugarith K et al. Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Endocrinology 146(3):1179-1191, 2005.

Rygh LJ, Suzuki R, Rahman W, Wong Y, Vonsy JL, Sandhu H, Webber M, Hunt S, Dickenson AH (2006) Local and descending circuits regulate long-term potentiation and zif268 expression in spinal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 24(3):761-772. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04968.x

Summary: Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been shown to occur in sensory areas of the spinal cord. This modification of synaptic strength may be one of the mechanisms by which acute pain is transformed into chronic pain. 10 µl of 1-µM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) or control saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was injected into the subarachnoid space (L4-L5) of rats. Using electrophysiological recording, immunohistochemistry, behavioral assessment, and antisense experiments, the authors demonstrate that dorsal horn neuron generation of LTP may transform acute pain into chronic pain.

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Zhu JP, Xu W, Angulo JA (2006) Distinct mechanisms mediating methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis and dopamine terminal damage share the neuropeptide substance p in the striatum of mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074:135-148. doi: 10.1196/annals.1369.013 PMID: 17105911

Objective: To investigate the mechanism by which substance P mediates METH-induced damage.

Summary: The authors propose that substance P mediates the apoptosis of some striatal neurons via the intrastriatal activation of nitric oxide synthesis. Substance P may also mediate damage of the dopamine terminals via an extrastriatal mechanism involving the substantia nigra and cortical glutamate release.

Usage: Mice were given intrastriatal injections of SSP-SAP (4ng/mcl). Saporin was used as control.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zhang ET, Ossipov MH, Xie JY, King T, Lai J, Porreca F (2006) Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains nerve injury-induced central sensitization. Neuroscience 140(4):1311-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.016

Summary: Rats were treated with 1.5 pmol of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) or saporin (Cat. #PR-01) into each side of the rostral ventromedila medulla, followed by spinal nerve ligation. The data indicate that mu opioid-expresing neurons are necessary to maintain nerve injury-induced central sensitization.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Allen JW (2006) Featured Article: Safety and efficacy of Substance P-SAP. Targeting Trends 7(3)

Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Allen JW et al. Safety evaluation of Intrathecal Substance P-Saporin, a targeted neurotoxin, in dogs. Toxicol Sci 91(1):286-298, 2006.