History of Saporin

Berger-Sweeney JE, Stearns NA, Murg SL, Floerke-Nashner LR, Lappi DA, Baxter MG (2001) Selective immunolesions of cholinergic neurons in mice: effects on neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and behavior. J Neurosci 21(20):8164-8173. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-20-08164.2001

Summary: 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) has long been an effective agent for elimination of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of rats. Until the development of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) there was no equivalent agent for use in mice. The authors tested mu p75-SAP in vitro and in vivo (1.8-3.6 µg in right lateral ventricle), using cytotoxic, histochemical, and behavioral assays. The data shows that mu p75-SAP is a highly selective and efficacious lesioning agent for cholinergic neurons in the mouse. The authors conclude that mu p75-SAP will be a powerful tool to use in combination with genetic modification to investigate cholinergic damage in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kanai T, Watanabe M, Okazawa A, Sato T, Yamazaki M, Okamoto S, Ishii H, Totsuka T, Iiyama R, Okamoto R, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M, Takeda K, Akira S, Hibi T (2001) Macrophage-derived IL-18-mediated intestinal inflammation in the murine model of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol 121:875-888. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.28021

Summary: Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is associated with several changes in the immune system, including an increased number of infiltrating macrophages. These macrophages release a variety of cytokines that are responsible for inflammation. The authors investigated the role of these macrophages in a mouse model by eliminating them with Mac-1-SAP (20 µg parenterally in tail vein; Cat. #IT-06). Seven days after treatment, mice showed no evidence of intestinal inflammation. These data demonstrate the role of macrophages in the development of inflammatory bowel conditions.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33)

Gerashchenko D, Salin-Pascual R, Shiromani PJ (2001) Effects of hypocretin-saporin injections into the medial septum on sleep and hippocampal theta. Brain Res 913:106-115. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02792-5

Summary: Hypocretin, also known as orexin, neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus. Recently, the loss of these neurons was shown to be associated with narcolepsy. The authors used orexin-SAP (100 ng/0.5 µl; Cat. #IT-20) to eliminate parvalbumin and cholinergic neurons (orexin B receptor-expressing) in the rat medial septum. They used 192-Saporin (1 µg/ 1 µl; Cat. #IT-01) to contrast the effect and eliminate only cholinergic neurons (NGF/p75 receptor-expressing). Hippocampal theta activity was completely eliminated in orexin-SAP treated rats by day 12, suggesting that orexin neurons influence cognitive processes critical for survival.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Porreca F, Burgess SE, Gardell LR, Vanderah TW, Malan TP Jr, Ossipov MH, Lappi DA, Lai J (2001) Inhibition of neuropathic pain by selective ablation of brainstem medullary cells expressing the µ-opioid receptor. J Neurosci 21(14):5281-5288. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05281.2001

Summary: The presence of descending projections in the pain pathway raises the possibility that abnormal sustained activity may perpetuate chronic pain. Using 3-ng injections of dermorphin-SAP (Cat #IT-12) on either side of the RVM in rats the authors both prevented and reversed neuropathic pain caused by spinal nerve ligation.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Martin CL, Arnolda LF, Minson JB (2000) Tracer-toxins: cholera toxin B-saporin as a model. J Neurosci Methods 103(1):83-90. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00298-3 PMID: 11074098

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Cholera Toxin B, Recombinant (Cat. #PR-14)

Maciejewski-Lenoir D, Heinrichs SC, Liu X-J, Ling N, Tucker A, Xie Q, Lappi DA, Grigoriadis DE (2000) Selective impairment of corticotropin-releasing factor1 (CRF1) receptor-mediated function using CRF coupled to saporin. Endocrinol 141:498-504. doi: 10.1210/endo.141.2.7336

Summary: Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF1) is a 41-amino acid peptide which mediates many of the body’s behavioral, autonomic, immune, and endocrine responses to stress. Reduced activation of the CRF systems plays a role in a variety of psychiatric and metabolic disease states. Maciejewski-Lenoir et al. have developed a CRF-SAP targeted toxin that can eliminate cells expressing the CRF1 but not CRF2a receptors. These data indicate that CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13) may be useful as a tool to examine receptor-selective impairment of CRF system function.

Related Products: CRF-SAP (Cat. #IT-13)

Kohls MD, Lappi DA (2000) Mab-ZAP: A tool for evaluating antibody efficacy for use in an immunotoxin. BioTechniques 28(1):162-165. doi: 10.2144/00281pf01

Summary: Immunotoxins are useful tools for elimination of specific cell populations in vitro and in vivo for research and therapeutic applications. One of the factors limiting the use of immunotoxins is the selection of an appropriate antibody. Advanced Targeting Systems has created a reagent that allows researchers to select antibodies with the desired characteristics before an immuntoxin is made, purified, and assayed. Using a goat anti-murine IgG coupled to the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin, researchers can screen hundreds of antibodies in a time and cost-effective manner.

Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04), Rab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-05), Hum-ZAP (Cat. #IT-22), Rat-ZAP (Cat. #IT-26), Anti-M-ZAP (Cat. #IT-30), Goat-ZAP (Cat. #IT-36)

Flavell DJ, Noss A, Pulford KA, Ling N, Flavell SU (1997) Systemic therapy with 3BIT, a triple combination cocktail of anti-CD19, -CD22, and -CD38-saporin immunotoxins, is curative of human B-cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res 57(21):4824-4829. PMID: 9354445

Mantyh PW, Rogers SD, Honore P, Allen BJ, Ghilardi JR, Li J, Daughters RS, Lappi DA, Wiley RG, Simone DA (1997) Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278:275-279. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5336.275 PMID: 9323204

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, HRP-labeled (Cat. #AB-15HRP), SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Antibody to NK-1 Receptor (Cat. #AB-N04)

Fine A, Hoyle C, MacLean CJ, Levatte TL, Baker HF, Ridley RM (1997) Learning impairments following injection of a selective cholinergic immunotoxin, ME20.4 IgG-saporin, into the basal nucleus of Meynert in monkeys. Neuroscience 81:331-343. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00208-x

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15)