control-conjugates

Burke PG, Neale J, Korim WS, McMullan S, Goodchild AK (2011) Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes reveals nonuniform organization of presympathetic drive from C1 and non-C1 RVLM neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(4):R1112-R1122. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2011

Summary: Some neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla are part of the circuitry that helps maintain blood pressure. This control is exerted through both feed-forward and reflex adjustment mechanisms. The authors used bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03, 24 ng per side) into the spinal cord of rats between T1 and T2 to better understand the organization of this circuitry. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that myelinated neurons may control baseline tone, while stressor response uses unmyelinated neurons.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Q: I am using your Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) to kill GRP-receptor in mouse brain. I have a plan to inject it by iontophoresis. Do you know which charge dose Bombesin-SAP and Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) have; plus charge or negative charge?

A: Both of these products will have a negative charge, though you may have to look into the literature for any needed guidance on dosing with that type of delivery.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Radley JJ, Sawchenko PE (2011) A common substrate for prefrontal and hippocampal inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response. J Neurosci 31(26):9683-95. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6040-10.2011

Summary: In order to better understand how response to emotional stress is regulated, the authors injected 114 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into each side of the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The results suggest that medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation influences on stress regulation use the same access to modulate emotional stress rather than having parallel networks.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

St Peters M, Demeter E, Lustig C, Bruno JP, Sarter M (2011) Enhanced control of attention by stimulating mesolimbic-corticopetal cholinergic circuitry. J Neurosci 31(26):9760-9771. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1902-11.2011

Summary: Motivation and attention interact to preserve cognitive performance under challenging conditions. In order to better define the circuitry connecting these two processes, the authors lesioned the prefrontal cortex (200 ng of 192-IgG-SAP, Cat. #IT-01) and the posterior parietal cortex (280 ng of 192-IgG-SAP). Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data indicate that cholinergic projections to the cortex modulate detection of clues and filtering of distractors during attentional tasks, accentuating cognitive control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

King T, Qu C, Okun A, Mercado R, Ren J, Brion T, Lai J, Porreca F (2011) Contribution of afferent pathways to nerve injury-induced spontaneous pain and evoked hypersensitivity. Pain 152(9):1997-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.04.020

Summary: Whether exaggerated pain response to a normally innocuous tactile stimulus should be defined as allodynia has been debated. Through the use of several techniques, one of which was intrathecal injection of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11, 16.5 pg), the authors examined which pathways were utilized in this type of pain. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data indicate that tactile stimulation may reflect a different pain state than allodynia.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Wilkinson KA, Fu Z, Powell FL (2011) Ventilatory effects of substance P-saporin lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii of chronically hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301(2):R343-R350. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00375.2010

Summary: Interaction of the multiple brainstem areas that have been established as CO2-sensitive is not well understood. In order to investigate chemoreceptor roles in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) the authors injected 2.6 ng of SP-SAP (alternative: SSP-SAP; Cat. #IT-11) into the caudal NTS of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The results indicate that neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells in the NTS contribute to plasticity during chronic hypoxia.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Laplante F, Lappi DA, Sullivan RM (2011) Cholinergic depletion in the nucleus accumbens: Effects on amphetamine response and sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(2):501-509. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.005

Summary: Disruption of dopamine and acetylcholine balance in the striatum may play a role in conditions such as Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) with the novel toxin Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42). Rats received 0.25-µg bilateral injections of the toxin into the N.Acc. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. The results of this lesion produced responses that may parallel the loss of cholinergic neurons seen in schizophrenia.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Q: When we contacted you to find out more about having a custom saporin conjugation performed with our primary antibody, you recommended that we use the ATS secondary conjugate system to determine that our antibody was specific to the population we want to eliminate. We looked more at the website, and it seems that we are supposed to start with Anti-M-ZAP, Cat. #IT-30 (our primary Ab is a mouse IgM), and use the Mouse IgM-SAP, Cat. #IT-41 for control. Is this correct?

A: If your primary antibody is a mouse IgM, then you are correct that Anti-M-ZAP (Cat# IT-30) is the appropriate secondary conjugate to use. As for control conjugates, the best control would be a secondary conjugate using an IgM isotype control mixed with Anti-M-ZAP. An alternative would be to use Goat IgG-SAP (Cat# IT-19) made with normal goat IgG that mimics Anti-M-ZAP without the specific affinity for mouse IgM.

Once you determine you need a direct conjugate made between your mouse IgM primary antibody and saporin, then you would want to use the Mouse IgM-SAP (Cat# IT-41) as a control toxin just as you use your direct conjugate.

Related: ZAP Conjugates, Control Conjugates, Custom Conjugates

Goehler LE, Gaykema RPA (2011) Featured Article: Targeted lesion of caudal brainstem catecholamine neurons reveals their role in symptoms of fatigue. Targeting Trends 12(1)

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Zhang L, Hadley GA (2010) Application of anti-CD103 immunotoxin for saving islet allograft in context of transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl) 123(24):3644-51.

Summary: This work investigates whether depletion of CD103-positive cells protects transplanted islets from host-immune cell attack. Diabetes was induced in mice, followed by an islet transplant. Anti-CD103-SAP (Cat. #IT-50) was administered via i.p. injection (1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg). Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17) was used as a control. Diabetic mice treated with anti-CD103-SAP after islet transplantation had an indefinite survival time as compared to untreated mice that survived fewer than 20 days.

Related Products: Anti-CD103-SAP (Cat. #IT-50), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)