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Expression of NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and spatial long-term memory in medial septal lesioned rats
Kruashvili L, Dashniani M, Beselia G, Chkhikvishvili N (2018) Expression of NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and spatial long-term memory in medial septal lesioned rats. FENS 2018 Abstracts F038. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.
Summary: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA- ergic SH projection neurons (using 192 IgG-saporin and GAT-1 saporin, respectively) on spatial memory assessed in water maze and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. Animals were tested in a standard Morris water maze. We found that immunolesion of medial septal cholinergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. In contrast, rats with immunolesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons did not show a decreased latency across training trials in water maze. Trained control rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than in the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Because Saporin treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the results suggest that saporin treated rats could not remember the training a day later. We found that the expression level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT-1 treated group compared with the control and saporin treated groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)
Effects of lesions of medial septal area on spatial short-term memory
Rusadze K, Sakandelidze R, Chighladze M (2018) Effects of lesions of medial septal area on spatial short-term memory. FENS 2018 Abstracts F044. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.
Summary: In the present study electrolytic and the immunotoxins (192 IgG saporin and GAT1-SAP) lesions of medial septal area (MS) were used to investigate the importance of cholinergic and GABAergic MS neurons in spatial working memory using spatial alternation task. In our experiments electrolytic lesions destroyed on average 69% of the intact MS. Examination of the AChE stained sections showed that after injections of 192 IgG saporin into the MS, animals exhibited significantly less AChE staining in MS as compared to sections obtained from control animals. Intraseptal GAT1-SAP preferentially reduced GABAergic neurons as compared to cholinergic neurons in the MS. The results of present study indicate that spatial short-term memory is affected only by electrolytic but not 192 IgG saporin or GAT1-SAP lesions. The behavioral testing showed that 192 IgG saporin treated rats, relative to control rats, had a significantly lower level in the number of arms entered during the testing session. However, the groups did not differ in the level of alternation behavior. GAT1-SAP lesioned rats showed that the percent alternation scores and the number of arms that the rat entered in the maze were not significantly different from control rats.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)
Neuronal activity-dependent control of postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis
Káradóttir RT, Kuo CT (2018) Neuronal activity-dependent control of postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 41:139-161. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031054
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Disruption of medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca cholinergic projections to the ventral hippocampus disrupt auditory fear memory.
Staib JM, Della Valle R, Knox DK (2018) Disruption of medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca cholinergic projections to the ventral hippocampus disrupt auditory fear memory. Learn Mem 152:71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.009
Objective: To determine which efferent projections are critical for contextual fear memory discrimination and extinction memory.
Summary: The results of this study suggest that MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons are critical for fear and extinction memory.
Usage: 192-IgG saporin was infused into all brain regions at a concentration of 0.2 μg/μL dissolved in 0.2 M PBS. The total volume of each injection was 0.5 μL. Sham surgeries were accomplished using the same volume (0.5 μL) of PBS.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Effect of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a dementia rat model via microglial mediation: A comparison between stem cell transplant methods
Cho JS, Lee J, Jeong DU, Kim HW, Chang WS, Moon J, Chang JW (2018) Effect of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a dementia rat model via microglial mediation: A comparison between stem cell transplant methods. Yonsei Med J 59:406-415. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.3.406
Objective: To study the therapeutic effects of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs) in a dementia rat model using either intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intravenous (IV) injections and analyze their mechanisms of therapeutic action.
Summary: ICV and IV injections of pMSCs facilitate the recovery of cholinergic neuronal populations and cognitive behavior. This recovery likely occurs through paracrine effects that resemble microglia function rather than direct differentiation of injected pMSCs into cholinergic neurons.
Usage: Dementia modeling was established by bilateral ventricle infusion of 192 IgG-SAP to lesion cholinergic neurons. 8 μL of 192 IgG-saporin (0.63 μg/μL) were bilaterally injected into the lateral ventricle at a rate of 1 μL/min and was left to diffuse for 5 min after injection. Rats were subjected to the Morris water maze and subsequent immunostaining analyses.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Cholinergic modulation of frontoparietal cortical network dynamics supporting supramodal attention
Ljubojevic V, Luu P, Gill PR, Beckett L-A, Takehara-Nishiuchi K, De Rosa E (2018) Cholinergic modulation of frontoparietal cortical network dynamics supporting supramodal attention. J Neurosci 38:3988-4005. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2350-17.2018
Objective: To examine whether neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to a state of readiness for target detection, by engaging frontoparietal cortical attentional networks independent of modality.
Summary: ACh supported alerting attention to an impending presentation of either visual or olfactory targets. Enhanced stimulus detection was associated with an anticipatory increase in power in the beta oscillation range prior to the target’s appearance within the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) as well as increased synchrony. In beta, this was also detected between the prefrontal cortex and PPC. ACh may act, in a supramodal manner, to prepare frontoparietal cortical attentional networks for target detection.
Usage: The ACh-NBM-lesioned rats received an injection of 0.2 μl of 0.3 μg/μl 192 IgG-SAP
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Ontogenetic and phylogenetic approaches for studying the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunctions
Zhuravin IA, Dubrovskaya NM, Tumanova NL, Vasilev DS, Nalivaeva NN (2018) Ontogenetic and phylogenetic approaches for studying the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunctions. Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry – Advances and Perspectives: InTech 714-741. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.73666
Summary: The effectiveness of the studies of the pathogenesis of AD and search for the strategies of its prevention and treatment depend on appropriate modeling of the pathological conditions in the brain leading to AD. Traditionally, the main focus on designing animal models of AD was related to the identification of brain areas and mediator systems related to memory. One model employed injections of a monoclonal antibody against growth factor receptor conjugated with saporin (192 IgG-saporin), which also resulted in the loss of cholinergic neurons and cognitive disorder
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
The role of the supramammillary area of the hypothalamus in cognitive functions
Shim HS, Park H-J, Lee M-S, Ye M, Shim I (2018) The role of the supramammillary area of the hypothalamus in cognitive functions. Animal Cells and Systems 22:37-44. doi: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1427627
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters expression of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus
Dobryakova YV, Kasianov A, Zaichenko MI, Stepanichev MY, Chesnokova EA, Kolosov PM, Markevich VA, Bolshakov AP (2018) Intracerebroventricular administration of 192IgG-saporin alters expression of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 10:429. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00429
Objective: To analyze the postponed consequences of cholinergic deficit in different parts of the hippocampus.
Summary: Disturbance of memory-associated behavior after administration of 192-IgG-SAP is associated with upregulation of microglia-associated genes in the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus.
Usage: Rats received bilateral i.c.v.infusions of 192-IgG-SAP (4 mcg/site).
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
Modulation of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors expression and spatial long-term memory in medial septal immunolesioned rats
Beselia G, Dashniani M, Burjanadze M, Solomonia R, Kruashvili L, Chkhikvishvili N (2017) Modulation of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors expression and spatial long-term memory in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Neuroscience 2017 Abstracts 428.01 / UU39. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.
Summary: The hippocampus is important in the formation of spatial memory in both humans and animals. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors in the hippocampus has been reported to be essential for spatial learning and memory as well as for the induction of synaptic plasticity. Evidence accumulated from recent studies suggest that GluN2A and GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA-Rs preferentially contribute to the induction of hippocampal LTP and LTD. Using a Morris water maze (MWM) task, the LTP- blocking GluN2A antagonist had no significant effect on any aspect of performance, whereas the LTD-blocking GluN2B antagonist impaired spatial memory consolidation.1The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA-ergic1septohippocampal projection neurons [using 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) or GAT1-1 saporin (GAT), respectively] on spatial memory assessed in MWM and NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. We used MWM training protocol with eight training trials. One day after training, probe test with the platform removed was performed to examine long-term spatial memory retrieval. We found that immunolesions of medial septal cholinergic or GABAergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. Trained control and SAP treated rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was1located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-1term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal GAT treated rats. Because GAT treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the result suggest that GAT level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT treated group compared with the control and SAP treated groups.1In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus dependent1spatial memory, possible through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, our finding that selective lesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons affect probe-test performance but not spatial learning, suggests that septohippocampal GABAergic projections are involved specifically in the consolidation or retrieval, but not in the acquisition of long- term memory.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)