References

Borkowski LF, Smith CL, Keilholz AN, Nichols NL (2021) Divergent receptor utilization is necessary for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections. J Neurophysiol 126(3):709-722. doi: 10.1152/jn.00236.2021

Objective: The authors tested the hypothesis that phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) following treatment with CTB-SAP is: 1) adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-dependent at 7d; and 2) serotonin (5-HT) receptor-dependent at 28d.

Summary: This study furthers understanding of the contribution of differential receptor activation to pLTF and its implications for breathing following respiratory motor neuron death.

Usage: Male rats received bilateral, intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP or Saporin Control (25 μg).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Jimenez-Martin J, Potapov D, Potapov K, Knöpfel T, Empson RM (2021) Cholinergic modulation of sensory processing in awake mouse cortex. Sci Rep 11(1):17525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96696-8

Objective: To decipher the timing and significance of acetylcholine actions.

Summary: Study provides new insights into how the cortex processes sensory information and how loss of acetylcholine, for example in Alzheimer’s Disease, disrupts sensory behaviours.

Usage: Focal cortical injection of mu p75-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP (1.7 mg/ml, 0.3 µl total volume, rate 0.075 µl/minute).

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Dai M, Nakamura S, Takahashi C, Sato M, Munetomo A, Magata F, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Matsuda F (2021) Reduction of arcuate kappa-opioid receptor-expressing cells increased luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in female rats. Endocr J 68(8):933-941. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ20-0832

Summary: The number of Kiss1-expressing cells in the ARC was not affected by ARC Dyno-SAP treatment. Dynorphin-Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling within the ARC seems to mediate the suppression of the frequency of pulsatile GnRH/LH release, and neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) non-KNDy KOR neurons may be involved in the mechanism modulating GnRH/LH pulse generation.

Usage: Female rats were stereotaxically injected with Dyno-SAP (20 ng/200 nL) or unconjugated Saporin (18.6 ng/200 nL) as a control, bilaterally into the anterior and posterior ARC (total of 4 injection sites).

Related Products: Dyno-SAP (Dynorphin-SAP) (Cat. #IT-68), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Wiedlocha A, Haugsten EM, Zakrzewska M (2021) Roles of the FGF-FGFR signaling system in cancer development and inflammation. Cells 10(9):2231. doi: 10.3390/cells10092231 PMID: 34571880

Objective: To highlight the latest advances in understanding the role of the FGF-FGFR signaling system in the development of neoplastic diseases and in the induction and maintenance of inflammation and its sequelae.

Related Products: FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38)

Sangartit W, Ha KB, Lee ES, Kim HM, Kukongviriyapan U, Lee EY, Chung CH (2021) Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates kidney injury and high systolic blood pressure in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 36(4):810-822. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2021.988 PMID: 34474516

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THU) on intrarenal RAS expression, kidney injury, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetic mice.

Summary: THU alleviated kidney injury in mice with HFD-induced type 2 diabetes, possibly by blunting the activation of the intrarenal RAS/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase IV (NOX4)/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) axis and by lowering the high SBP.

Usage: Western Blot (1:1000)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Han D, Shi Y, Han F (2022) The effects of orexin-A and orexin receptors on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a male rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Comp Neurol 530(3):592-606. doi: 10.1002/cne.25231

Objective: To determine the role of the orexin system in mediating anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in PTSD.

Summary: Intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A alleviated behavioral changes in a PTSD rat model and partly restored the increased levels of OX1R in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These results suggest that the orexin system plays a role in the anxiety- and depression-related symptoms observed in PTSD.

See: Kaur S et al. Hypocretin-2 saporin lesions of the ventrolateral periaquaductal gray (vlPAG) increase REM sleep in hypocretin knockout mice. PLoS One 4:e6346, 2009.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Dookwah M, Wagner SK, Ishihara M, Yu SH, Ulrichs H, Kulik MJ, Zeltner N, Dalton S, Strauss KA, Aoki K, Steet R, Tiemeyer M (2021) Neural-specific alterations in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and cell signaling associated with two human ganglioside GM3 Synthase Deficiency variants. bioRxiv 2021.07.29.454399. doi: 10.1101/2021.07.29.454399

Related Products: NGFr (ME20.4, p75) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N07)

Mori A, Cross B, Uchida S, Kerrick Walker J, Ristuccia R (2021) How are adenosine and adenosine A2A receptors involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?. Biomedicines 9(8):1027. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9081027

Objective: To examine potential biomarkers and the acute symptomatic pharmacology, including respiratory motor neuron control, of adenosine A2A receptor antagonism, and to explore the potential of the A2A receptor as a target for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) therapy.

Summary: CTB-SAP is listed in a table of experimental animal models of ALS. Intrapleural CTB-SAP injected rats (neurotoxic model of respiratory motor neuron death).

See: Seven YB et al. Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition protects phrenic motor neurons from cell death induced by protein synthesis inhibition. Exp Neurol 323:113067, 2020.

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14)

Bloch JS, Sequeira JM, Ramírez AS, Quadros EV, Locher KP (2021) Generation of nanobodies targeting the human, transcobalamin-mediated vitamin B12 uptake route. bioRxiv 2021.08.16.456495. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.16.456495

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Llorca-Torralba M, Camarena-Delgado C, Suárez-Pereira I, Bravo L, Mariscal P, Garcia-Partida JA, López-Martín C, Wei H, Pertovaara A, Mico JA, Berrocoso E (2022) Pain and depression comorbidity causes asymmetric plasticity in the locus coeruleus neurons. Brain 145(1):154-167. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab239

Summary: There is strong comorbidity between chronic pain and depression. This study explores how this comorbidity occurs. The authors refer to published research that shows icv administration of anti-DBH-SAP or intra-LC administration of lidocaine dampened the evoked pain in conditions of long-term nerve-injury. However, icv injection of anti-DBH-SAP disrupts all noradrenergic nuclei (A1-A7), some of which contribute to sensorial hypersensitivity.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Brightwell JJ et al. Noradrenergic Neurons in the Locus Coeruleus Contribute to Neuropathic Pain. Neuroscience 160:174-185, 2009.
• Marques-Lopes J et al. The hyperalgesic effects induced by the injection of angiotensin II into the caudal ventrolateral medulla are mediated by the pontine A(5) noradrenergic cell group. Brain Res 1325:41-52, 2010.