References

Ming X, Prasad N, Thulasi V, Elkins K, Shivamurthy VKN (2021) Possible contribution of cerebellar disinhibition in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 118:107944. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107944

Summary: The authors hypothesize that loss of inhibition from the cerebellum can lead to cortical activation and seizures. An animal study showed microinjection of SSP-SAP produced a selective ablation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in vivo and a highly focal disinhibition. These results also demonstrate that the ‘‘epileptic” pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus or head trauma can be replicated by focal interneuron loss, without involving principal cell loss and other interpretive confounds inherent in the use of global neurologic injury models.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

See Also:

• Martin JL et al. Focal inhibitory interneuron loss and principal cell hyperexcitability in the rat hippocampus after microinjection of a neurotoxic conjugate of saporin and a peptidase-resistant analog of substance P. J Comp Neurol 436:127-152, 2001.
• Chun E et al. Targeted hippocampal GABA neuron ablation by stable substance P-saporin causes hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia 60(5):e52-e57, 2019.

Loftén A, Adermark L, Ericson M, Söderpalm B (2021) An acetylcholine-dopamine interaction in the nucleus accumbens and its involvement in ethanol’s dopamine-releasing effect. Addict Biol 26(3):e12959. doi: 10.1111/adb.12959

Summary: Basal extracellular levels of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens are not sustained by muscarinic acetylcholine, whereas accumbal Cholinergic interneurons-ACh are involved in mediating ethanol-induced dopamine release.

Usage: Anti-ChAT-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP were infused at a flow rate of 0.05 μl/min for 10 min giving a total volume of 0.5 μl.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Penna S, Villa A, Capo V (2021) Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis: mechanisms and treatments. Dis Model Mech 14(5):dmm048940. doi: 10.1242/dmm.048940

Summary: Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a severe inherited bone disease characterized by defective osteoclast resorption or differentiation. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed for ARO patients. The authors review preclinical and proof-of-concept studies, such as gene therapy, systematic administration of deficient protein, in utero Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene editing.

Usage: Efficacy in HSCT conditioning was demonstrated with CD45.2-SAP (biotinylated Anti-CD45 mixed with Streptavidin-ZAP). In mice, CD45.2–SAP preserved normal bone marrow architecture compared to total body irradiation, which instead reduced vascular integrity and bone marrow cellularity. Mice conditioned with CD45.2–SAP rapidly recovered their peripheral myeloid cells and had a survival advantage when exposed to infections (3 mg/kg iv; Palchaudhuri et al.). Additionally, conditioning with CD45.2–SAP resulted in significant chimerism after transplantation, even in a pathological mouse model (3 mg/kg iv; Castiello et al.).

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
• Castiello MC et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD45-saporin as conditioning agent for RAG deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147(1):309-320.e6, 2021.

Pethe P, Kale V (2021) Placenta: A gold mine for translational research and regenerative medicine. Reprod Biol 21(2):100508. doi: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100508

Objective: To review recent studies regarding the therapeutic potential of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hPMSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Summary: These studies demonstrate salutary effects of hPMSC-EVs on a range of different difficult-to-treat conditions like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, acute kidney injury, etc., and therefore, it is imperative that these leads should be taken forward to clinical trials.

Usage: 8 µL of 192 IgG-saporin (0.63 µg/µL) were bilaterally injected into the ventricle to induce a dementia rat model.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Marques SM, Naves LM, Silva TME, Cavalcante KVN, Alves JM, Ferreira-Neto ML, de Castro CH, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Fajemiroye JO, Gomes RM, Colombari E, Xavier CH, Pedrino GR (2021) Medullary noradrenergic neurons mediate hemodynamic responses to osmotic and volume challenges. Front Physiol 12:649535. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649535

Summary: The study sought to determine the role of noradrenergic neurons in hypertonic saline infusion (HSI)-induced hemodynamic recovery. Findings show that together the A1 and A2 neurons are essential to HSI-induced cardiovascular recovery in hypovolemia.

Usage: Medullary catecholaminergic neurons were lesioned by nanoinjection of Anti-DBH-SAP (0.105 ng·nl−1) into A1, A2, or both (LES A1; LES A2; or LES A1+A2, respectively). Sham rats received nanoinjections of unconjugated saporin in the same regions.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Hou G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Ren Y, Wang C, Li W (2021) Mechanism of Radix Astragali and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae ameliorates hypertensive renal damage. Biomed Res Int eCollection:5598351. doi: 10.1155/2021/5598351 PMID: 33969119

Objective: To explore the mechanism of combination of Radix Astragali (RA) and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RS) ameliorating HRD by regulation of the renal sympathetic nerve.

Summary: The combination of RA and RS may inhibit the hyperexcitability of sympathetic nerves, reduce Ang II overexpression, avoid abnormal activation of the RAS system, and improve rat renal blood flow resistance, accordingly maintaining the normal physiological structure and function of kidney tissue and having a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:150)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Han W, de Araujo IE (2021) Dissection and surgical approaches to the mouse jugular-nodose ganglia. STAR Protocols 2(2):100474. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100474

Usage: Injected 0.5 µl of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) into the R-NG of VGlut2-ires-Cre mice.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Han et al.

See Also: Han W et al. A neural circuit for gut-induced reward. Cell 175:665-678, 2018.

Kucharczyk MW, Valiente D, Bannister K (2021) Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research. J Pain Res 14:1083-1095. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S258602

Summary: This review discusses the pharmacological manipulation interrogation strategies that have been used to examine the functionality of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) and descending control of nociception (DCN).

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP is one of the drugs tested to influence DNIC expression. They reference a publication that reported that icv injection of Anti-DBH-SAP abolished DCN expression. Anti-DBH-SAP (5 μg/5 μl) was injected in the left ventricle. Lesion of the LC resulted in failure of DNIC, an effect that mimics what is observed behaviorally after chronic TBI.

See: Irvine KA et al. Loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in rats: A chronic issue. Exp Neurol 333:113428, 2020.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Liu Y, Forsythe P (2021) Vagotomy and insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Neurosci Res 168:20-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.001

Objective: To review the use of vagotomy as a tool to explore the role of the vagus nerve in gut to brain signaling.

Summary: This review article is a summary of the knowledge gained from vagotomy, a surgical procedure that involves removing part of the vagus nerve. The article discusses using CCK-SAP to specifically ablate afferent vagal nerves in the gastrointestinal tract.

Usage: The article references a study by Diepenbroek et al. that used CCK-SAP in the following dosages: In vitro: each well was treated with a different dose of saporin conjugates (0, 2.4, 24, or 240 ng) for 24 h. In vivo: An equal volume (rat: 1 µl; mouse: 0.5 µl) of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) or Saporin (250 ng/µl) was injected at two sites rostral and caudal to the laryngeal nerve branch.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

See Also:

• Diepenbroek C et al. Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 313:G342-G352, 2017.

Phipps BL, Suwannasual U, Lucero J, Mitchell NA, Lund AK (2021) Vehicle emissions-exposure alters expression of systemic and tissue-specific components of the renin-angiotensin system and promotes outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and obesity in wild-type C57BL/6 male mice. Toxicol Rep 8:846-862. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.001 PMID: 33948438

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to engine emissions increases systemic and local adipocyte RAS signaling, promoting the expression of factors involved in cardiovascular disease and obesity.

Summary: Subchronic traffic-generated air pollution exposure (MVE) results in elevated expression of AT1 in the systemic vasculature, which is associated with increased vascular adhesion molecule expression, monocyte/macrophage sequestration, and production of ROS, all of which are early tissue-level signaling events in the pathogenesis of CVD. Furthermore, kidney levels of renin and Ang II receptors, AT1 and AT2, were also elevated with MVE exposure.

Usage: Immunofluorescence (1:1000)

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP), Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)