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C-terminal phosphorylation regulates the kinetics of a subset of melanopsin-mediated behaviors in mice.
Somasundaram P, Wyrick G, Fernandez D, Ghahari A, Pinhal C, Simmonds Richardson M, Rupp A, Cui L, Wu Z, Brown R, Badea T, Hattar S, Robinson P (2017) C-terminal phosphorylation regulates the kinetics of a subset of melanopsin-mediated behaviors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:2741-2746. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611893114 PMID: 28223508
Summary: The authors show that the melanopsin photoresponse shutoff due to C-terminal phosphorylation determines the kinetics of the intrinsic light response in ipRGCs, the PLR, and reentrainment, but not masking and phase angle of entrainment. Immunofluorescence was performed using rabbit Anti-Melanopsin (1:1,000, Cat. #AB-N38) as the primary antibody with a 2-d incubation period, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG 488 as the secondary antibody.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid beta precursor protein is associated with retinal function improvement in aging male APP
Joly S, Lamoureux S, Pernet V (2017) Nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid beta precursor protein is associated with retinal function improvement in aging male APP. Neurobiol Aging 53:181-191. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.004 PMID: 28262325
Objective: To determine amyloid beta role in the aging retina in Alzheimer’s Disease
Summary: Retinal-specific processing of amyloid may confer protection against AD and selectively preserve cone-dependent vision during aging.
Usage: Immunohistochemistry 1:1000
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Loss of Ikbkap causes slow, progressive retinal degeneration in a mouse model of familial dysautonomia
Ueki Y, Ramirez G, Salcedo E, Stabio ME, Lefcort F (2016) Loss of Ikbkap causes slow, progressive retinal degeneration in a mouse model of familial dysautonomia. eNeuro 3:ENEURO.0143-0116.2016. doi: 10.1523/eneuro.0143-16.2016 PMID: 27699209
Summary: Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive congenital neuropathy that is caused by a mutation in the gene for inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex-associated protein (IKBKAP). A classic hallmark of the disease is progressive blindness marked by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve atrophy. To investigate the consequences of Ikbkap loss in the retina, we generated Ikbkap conditional knockout mice using TUBA1a-Cre. Our data demonstrate that this is a powerful model system that faithfully recapitulates the phenotype and progression of FD blindness.
Usage: Immunohistochemistry
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons.
Lim J, Stafford B, Nguyen P, Lien B, Wang C, Zukor K, He Z, Huberman A (2016) Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons. Nat Neurosci 19:1073-1084. doi: 10.1038/nn.4340 PMID: 27399843
Summary: Axons in the CNS fail to regenerate after injury. Scientists sought to identify strategies that would allow retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to regenerate in the eye-to-brain pathway, and if that was possible, whether the axons could reconnect with their correct targets and restore visual function. It was previously shown that increasing mTOR signaling could trigger RGC axon regeneration. Several conditions were tested, but combining increased mTOR signaling and then exposing mice to high-contrast visual stimulation daily for 3 weeks scientists after optic nerve crush resulted in long distance RGC axon regeneration, re-innervation of the brain and partial recovery of a subset of visual behaviors. A 1:1000 dilution of Anti-Melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38) was used for the immunohistochemical analysis of retinas, optic nerves and brain tissue.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Retinal waves modulate an intraretinal circuit of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
Arroyo D, Kirkby L, Feller M (2016) Retinal waves modulate an intraretinal circuit of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 36:6892-6905. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0572-16.2016 PMID: 27358448
Summary: The researchers explore the neural circuits underlying the ipRGC driven light responses of the developing retina and the mechanisms by which retinal waves regulate these circuits. They demonstrate that, even in the presence of cholinergic waves, ipRGC gap junction microcircuits propagate light-driven signals, thus strongly contributing to the overall light response of the developing retina. Following fixation, retinas were washed in PBS and remounted onto a new piece of filter paper. They were incubated in blocking buffer and then in primary immunoreaction solution, 1:2500 rabbit anti-melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38). Results show that, during development, ipRGCs form extensive gap junction microcircuits that shape the early retinal light response. Retinal waves exert a far-reaching, neuromodulatory influence on these circuits via dopaminergic modulation of gap junctions, thus potentially impacting the processing of early visual input.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Neuropsin (OPN5)-mediated photoentrainment of local circadian oscillators in mammalian retina and cornea.
Buhr E, Yue W, Ren X, Jiang Z, Liao H, Mei X, Vemaraju S, Nguyen M, Reed R, Lang R, Yau K, Van Gelder R (2015) Neuropsin (OPN5)-mediated photoentrainment of local circadian oscillators in mammalian retina and cornea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:13093-13098. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516259112 PMID: 26392540
Summary: Circadian clocks are found in most mammalian tissues. These clocks are synchronized by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the brain. The local clock found in the retina does not require rods, cones, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, or the SCN. In order to determine what photopigments are responsible for local retinal photoentrainment, the authors used a candidate gene approach. For immunohistochemical studies on flat mount retinas they used a melanopsin antibody (Cat. #AB-N38) at a 1:1000 dilution. The data indicate that OPN5, also known as neuropsin, has a light-sensing function and is involved in retinal photoentrainment.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Phenotypic and functional characterization of Bst+/- mouse retina.
Riazifar H, Sun G, Wang X, Rupp A, Vemaraju S, Ross-Cisneros F, Lang R, Sadun A, Hattar S, Guan M, Huang T (2015) Phenotypic and functional characterization of Bst+/- mouse retina. Dis Model Mech 8:969-976. doi: 10.1242/dmm.018176 PMID: 26035379
Summary: The belly spot and tail mutant mouse strain was first reported on in 1976. Among other phenotypic changes, it carries ocular mutations including retinal colobomas, reduced retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and axon misrouting. In order to assess the use of this strain as a murine model for stem cell therapies of retinal degenerative diseases the authors performed a number of characterization experiments including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, testing of circadian rhythms, and morphological studies. Some of the immunohistochemistry was done using Anti-Melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38) at a 1:5000 dilution.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
New mouse retinal stroke model reveals direction-selective circuit damage linked to permanent optokinetic response loss.
Joly S, Guzik-Kornacka A, Schwab M, Pernet V (2014) New mouse retinal stroke model reveals direction-selective circuit damage linked to permanent optokinetic response loss. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:4476-4489. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-14521 PMID: 24970264
Summary: The authors used a mouse model of ‘retinal stroke’ to better delineate the optokinetic response deficits at the cellular level. Damage was found in the processes of starburst amacrine cells (SACs), and to a lesser extent, the dendrites. Anti-melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38) at 1:2500 was used for immunohistochemistry.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Form and function of the M4 cell, an intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell type contributing to geniculocortical vision.
Estevez ME, Fogerson PM, Ilardi MC, Borghuis BG, Chan E, Weng S, Auferkorte ON, Demb JB, Berson DM (2012) Form and function of the M4 cell, an intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell type contributing to geniculocortical vision. J Neurosci 32(39):13608-13620. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1422-12.2012 PMID: 23015450
Summary: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are cells that contain the photopigment melanopsin. In this work the authors extensively characterize the M4 ipRGCs. A melanopsin antibody (Cat. #AB-N38) at a 1:10,000 dilution was used to determine the presence of melanopsin by immunohistochemistry.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)
Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs.
Chen S, Badea T, Hattar S (2011) Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs. Nature 476:92-95. doi: 10.1038/nature10206 PMID: 21765429
Summary: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment Melanopsin and regulate a wide array of light dependent physiological processes. Genetic ablation of ipRGCs eliminates circadian photoentrainment and severely disrupts the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Scientists showed that ipRGCs consist of distinct subpopulation that differentially express the Brn3b transcription factor, and can be functionally distinguished. Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, whereas Brn3b-positive ipRGCs innervate all other known brain targets. Selective ablation of Brn3b-postive ipRGCs severly disrupts the PLR, but does not impair circadian photoentrainment. The scientists concluded that molecularly distinct subpopulations of M1 ipRGCs, which are morphologically and electrophysiologically similar, innervate different brain regions to execute light-induced functions. A dilution of 1:1000 of Anti-Melanopsin (Cat. #AB-N38) was used for immunohistochemical analysis of retina sections.
Related Products: Melanopsin Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N38)