References

Pappas BA, Sherren N (2003) Neonatal 192 IgG-saporin lesion of forebrain cholinergic neurons: focus on the life span?. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27(4):365-376. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00067-8

Summary: In this review, the authors discuss the use of 192-Saporin in the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders, and propose that the effects of these lesions are amplified as the animal ages and experiences normal age-related synapse loss.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Okazawa A, Hibi T, Watanabe M (2003) Macrophage-derived IL-18 targeting for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2(2):131-136. doi: 10.2174/1568010033484250

Summary: A single intravenous injection of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06) significantly reduced the amount of intestinal inflammation in a 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis model.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Conner JM, Culberson A, Packowski C, Chiba AA, Tuszynski MH (2003) Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system impair task acquisition and abolish cortical plasticity associated with motor skill learning. Neuron 38(5):819-829. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00288-5

Summary: Neuronal plasticity has been associated with normal learning. The authors wished to investigate the role of the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) system in learning motor skills. Rats received bilateral 95-ng injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) in either the medial septum, the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, or both. The results indicate that lesioned animals, with many aspects of attention still preserved, are unable to adapt attention to meet the demands of a particular task. The authors conclude that the CBF system may be implicated in learning forms that require plasticity of cortical representations.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Rudick CN, Gibbs RB, Woolley CS (2003) A role for the basal forebrain cholinergic system in estrogen-induced disinhibition of hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurosci 23(11):4479-4490. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04479.2003

Summary: Estrogen plays a strong regulatory role in control of synaptic input to the hippocampus of female rats. Injection of 0.22 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) directly into the medial septum eliminated NGFr-positive cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, producing evidence that estrogen-induced disinhibition is partially dependent on these neurons. GABAergic synapses were also found to be involved in this system.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Nakatsuka T, Tsuzuki K, Ling JX, Sonobe H, Gu JG (2003) Distinct roles of P2X receptors in modulating glutamate release at different primary sensory synapses in rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 89(6):3243-3252. doi: 10.1152/jn.01172.2002

Summary: P2X receptors are important modulating neurons in the spinal cord. These authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) to target a neuronal subset, those neurons expressing P2X3 receptors. 2 µg of IB4-SAP were injected directly into the sciatic nerve on one side. Histological examination showed efficient removal of IB4 and P2X3-staining ipsilaterally in the dorsal horn outer laminae. Behavioral experiments showed intact modulation of glutamate release in the absence of P2X3-positive neurons, indicating involvement by other P2X neurons.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Calza L, Giuliani A, Fernandez M, Pirondi S, D’Intino G, Aloe L, Giardino L (2003) Neural stem cells and cholinergic neurons: Regulation by immunolesion and treatment with mitogens, retinoic acid, and nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(12):7325-7330. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1132092100

Summary: The authors explore the influence of exogenous administration of hormones, cytokines, and neurotrophins on stem cells following a lesion. Rats were treated with 2 or 3 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the cerebral ventricles, which induced a lesion of the cholinergic system in the basal forebrain. The surgery was followed by infusion of EGF, bFGF, and NGF into the lesioned area, as well as addition of retinoic acid to the food pellets. This pharmacological control of endogenous neural stem cells increased the number of proliferating cells in both lesioned and non-lesioned animals, as well as improved performance in a water maze test.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lam TT, Leranth C (2003) Role of the medial septum diagonal band of Broca cholinergic neurons in oestrogen-induced spine synapse formation on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of female rats. Eur J Neurosci 17(10):1997-2005. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02637.x

Summary: Estrogen effects on the hippocampus are known to be mediated by subcortical structures. The authors examined the role that the medial septum diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) plays in this mediation. An injection of 0.5 µg of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the right lateral ventricle of rats was used to specifically investigate the role of cholinergic MSDB neuron projections to the hippocampus, since many of these neurons express estrogen receptors. The data suggest that septo-hippocampal cholinergic neurons are involved in mediating estrogen effects on the hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Schnell R, Borchmann P, Staak JO, Schindler J, Ghetie V, Vitetta ES, Engert A (2003) Clinical evaluation of ricin A-chain immunotoxins in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol 14(5):729-736. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdg209

Alencar JL, Lobysheva I, Geffard M, Sarr M, Schott C, Schini-Kerth VB, Nepveu F, Stoclet JC, Muller B (2003) Role of S-nitrosation of cysteine residues in long-lasting inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on arterial tone. Mol Pharmacol 63(5):1148-1158. doi: 10.1124/mol.63.5.1148 PMID: 12695543

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Lalonde R, Strazielle C (2003) The effects of cerebellar damage on maze learning in animals. Cerebellum 2(4):300-309. doi: 10.1080/14734220310017456

Summary: Traditionally the cerebellum has been associated with motor control, but recent work has suggested that it plays a role in cognitive functions such as spatial learning as well. This study discusses the effects of cerebellar mutations in mice, and OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02) lesions in rats on water maze learning models. Results indicate that the cerebellum plays a role in working memory and the procedural aspect of maze learning, as well as being an important element of motor control.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)