References

Bailey AM, Lee JM (2007) Lesions to the nucleus basalis magnocellularis lower performance but do not block the retention of a previously acquired learning set. Brain Res 1136:110-121. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.028

Summary: A major source of cholinergic innervation to several cortices is the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Rats were trained to acquire an olfactory discrimination learning set, then were lesioned with 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) or quisqualic acid. 0.075 µg of 192-IgG-SAP was administered in 2 sets of bilateral infusions. While treated animals performed poorly following the surgery, performance improved to better than expected by chance during the second trial. The authors discuss the role of the NBM in cognitive flexibility.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Gravitt K, Marson L (2007) Effect of the destruction of cells containing the serotonin reuptake transporter on urethrogenital reflexes. J Sex Med 4:322-331. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00436.x

Summary: Using the fact that the urethrogenital (UG) reflex is an autonomic and somatic response, the authors developed a model for ejaculatory-like reflexes. Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23) was bilaterally injected into the ventrolateral medulla of rats. 80 nl of a 1 µM solution removed inhibition of the UG reflex after acute spinal cord transection, while this reflex could not be evoked in control animals. The data suggest that SERT-expressing neurons in the ventral medulla are involved with the inhibition of UG reflex.

Related Products: Anti-SERT-SAP (Cat. #IT-23)

Zhao P, Waxman SG, Hains BC (2007) Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-regulated microglia-neuron signaling by prostaglandin E2 contributes to pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 27:2357-2368. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0138-07.2007 PMID: 17329433

Summary: Spinal cord injury frequently leads to the development of long-term chronic pain. Recent data has shown that activated microglia are involved in the maintenance of this pain state. Following a spinal cord contusion injury rats were treated with a 36-µg injection of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06) into the lumbar enlargement. Treated animals were found to have reduced microglial staining, reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels, and fewer pain-related behaviors.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Antibody to Mac-1 (Cat. #AB-N06)

Alenda A, Nunez A (2007) Cholinergic modulation of sensory interference in rat primary somatosensory cortical neurons. Brain Res 1133:158-167. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.092

Summary: One critical feature of cognition is the ability to focus on selected sensory inputs while ignoring irrelevant inputs. In this work the authors examine basal forebrain participation in sensory interference effects. Following 0.15 µg bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the basal forebrain of rats, the ability of primary somatosensory cortical neurons to respond in the presence of sensory interference was assessed. A decrease in the number of neurons showed sensory interference in lesioned animals.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Fletcher BR, Baxter MG, Guzowski JF, Shapiro ML, Rapp PR (2007) Selective cholinergic depletion of the hippocampus spares both behaviorally induced Arc transcription and spatial learning and memory. Hippocampus 17:227-234. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20261

Summary: The immediate early gene Arc is required for long-term synaptic changes and memory consolidation. The authors lesioned the fornix to examine cholinergic contributions of the medial septum and the vertical diagonal band to spatial learning impairments and behavioral induction of Arc transcription. 0.24-0.36 µg of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was delivered to the fornix of rats. Results from various water-maze tasks indicate that spatial learning deficits and impaired Arc transcription associated with lesions of the fornix are not caused by cholinergic deafferentation.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Maddux JM, Kerfoot EC, Chatterjee S, Holland PC (2007) Dissociation of attention in learning and action: effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Behav Neurosci 121(1):63-79. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.63

Objective: To study the effect of the amygdala central nucleus (CEA) on aspects of attention.

Summary: Lesions of the cholinergic afferents of the medial prefrontal cortex interfered with five-choice serial reaction time (5CSRT) performance but not with surprise-induced enhancement of learning, whereas lesions of cholinergic afferents of posterior parietal cortex impaired the latter effects but did not affect 5CSRT performance. CEA lesions impaired performance in both tasks.

Usage: Rats received bilateral infusions of 192IgG-saporin (0.25 μg/μl) into the posterior parietal cortex.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Truitt WA, Sajdyk TJ, Dietrich AD, Oberlin B, McDougle CJ, Shekhar A (2007) From anxiety to autism: spectrum of abnormal social behaviors modeled by progressive disruption of inhibitory neuronal function in the basolateral amygdala in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191(1):107-118. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0674-y

Summary: The amygdala has been identified as being involved in social behaviors. Six 4 ng injections of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) were administered bilaterally into the basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala of rats. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Results of a social interaction paradigm suggest that in normal animals social inhibition can be overcome by habituation. In lesioned animals, however, social inhibition is not reversed by habituation, indicating that NK-1 receptor-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the BLA are important in this system.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Yip WL, Weyergang A, Berg K, Tonnesen HH, Selbo PK (2007) Targeted delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity of cetuximab-saporin by photochemical internalization in EGFR-positive cancer cells. Mol Pharm 4(2):241-251. doi: 10.1021/mp060105u

Summary: Photochemical internalization (PCI) releases macromolecules from endocytic vesicles using photosensitizer activation by light. This technique allows the release of endocytosed molecules before degradation occurs in the lysosome. The authors demonstrate the proof-of-concept for this technique by combining biotinylated cetuximab (a chimeric monoclonal antibody to the EGFr) with streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27). The conjugate was applied to three different human cancer cell lines, demonstrating enhanced specificity and toxicity against cells expressing the EGFr.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Lorier AR, Huxtable AG, Robinson DM, Lipski J, Housley GD, Funk GD (2007) P2Y1 receptor modulation of the pre-Bötzinger complex inspiratory rhythm generating network in vitro. J Neurosci 27(5):993-1005. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3948-06.2007 PMID: 17267553

Related Products: Antibody to NK-1 Receptor (Cat. #AB-N04)

Furlong T, Carrive P (2007) Neurotoxic lesions centered on the perifornical hypothalamus abolish the cardiovascular and behavioral responses of conditioned fear to context but not of restraint. Brain Res 1128(1):107-119. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.058

Summary: This work examined the role of orexin-containing neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PeF) during stress response. Orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) or the control conjugate blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was injected into the PeF of pre-conditioned rats. Tests measuring restraint and conditioned fear to context were then performed on the lesioned animals. While the lesioning was not specific enough to connect results to orexin-containing neurons, the data indicate that the PeF is critical for some forms of stress, but not others.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)