References

Alhassan M (2022) Sensory and motor visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease with respect to freezing of gait symptoms. J Ophthalmol & Vis Sci 7(2):1069.

Objective: This review article summarizes the results from previous studies focusing on visual functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients.

Summary: Freezing of gait (FOG) is considered to be a motor disorder symptom that affects some Parkinson Disease (PD) patients; however, it is hypothesized that sensory systems may also be involved in FOG. Visual functions include high contrast visual acuity, low contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, Vernier acuity, mesopic vision, stereopsis, motion perception, and vergence eye movements and are all affected in PD patients with FOG patients having more deficits in some of these functions. FOG patients also had impairments in non-dopaminergic mediated functions which suggests greater impairment in two functions that involve cholinergic neurotransmitters. 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. IT-01) was used to create a PD rat animal model to study the contribution of the cholinergic system to motor functions. It was found that the fall rates were more frequent in rats, that were injected with dual 192 IgG-saporin /6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than rats with either isolated cholinergic or isolated dopaminergic lesions.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Kucinski A et al. Modeling fall propensity in Parkinson’s disease: deficits in the attentional control of complex movements in rats with cortical-cholinergic and striatal-dopaminergic deafferentation. J Neurosci 33(42):16522-16539, 2013.

Gao X, Zhang S, Gou J, Wen Y, Fan L, Zhou J, Zhou G, Xu G, Zhang Z (2022) Spike-mediated ACE2 down-regulation was involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect 85(4):418-427. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.030 PMID: 35793758

Objective: To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is also an important regulator of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) homeostasis, which plays an unsettled role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Summary: The downregulation of ACE2 potentially links COVID-19 to the imbalance of RAS.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-1R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N27AP)

Maki Y, Kawata K, Liu Y, Goo KY, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y, Satoh A (2022) Design and synthesis of glycosylated cholera toxin b subunit as a tracer of glycoprotein trafficking in organelles of living cells. Chemistry 28(37):e202201253. doi: 10.1002/chem.202201253 PMID: 35604098

Related Products: Cholera Toxin B, Recombinant (Cat. #PR-14)

Levine AS, Jewett DC, Kotz CM, Olszewski PK (2022) Behavioral plasticity: Role of neuropeptides in shaping feeding responses. Appetite 174:106031. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106031 PMID: 35395362

Objective: Review studies on feeding behavior involving neuropeptides that influence behavioral plasticity – primarily opioids, orexin, neuropeptide Y, and oxytocin.

Summary: Eating behavior is influenced by a number of external factors, including time of day, type of food available, energy balance state, and stressors. The reviewed work underscores that environmental factors play a critical role in feeding behavior and energy balance, but changes in eating behavior also result from a multitude of non-environmental factors, such that there can be no single mechanism or variable that can explain ingestive behavior.

Usage: References a previous publication using Oxytocin-SAP (IT-46).

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46)

See Also:

• Baskin DG et al. A new oxytocin-saporin cytotoxin for lesioning oxytocin-receptive neurons in the rat hindbrain. Endocrinology 151(9):4207-4213, 2010.

Li S, Li W, Yuan J, Bullova P, Wu J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Plescher M, Rodriguez J, Bedoya-Reina OC, Jannig PR, Valente-Silva P, Yu M, Henriksson MA, Zubarev RA, Smed-Sörensen A, Suzuki CK, Ruas JL, Holmberg J, Larsson C, Christofer Juhlin C, von Kriegsheim A, Cao Y, Schlisio S (2022) Impaired oxygen-sensitive regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis within the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Nat Metab 4(6):739-758. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00593-x PMID: 35760869

Objective: To investigate how mitochondria sense oxygen levels.

Summary: The authors report an oxygen-sensitive regulation of TFAM, an activator of mitochondrial transcription and replication, whose alteration is linked to tumours arising in the von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. The data obtained from this study offer pharmacological avenues to sensitize therapy-resistant VHL tumours by focusing on the mitochondria.

Usage: Immunoprecipitation (IP), Immunoblot (IB); 1:1000

Related Products: Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline Rabbit Polyclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T044)

Zhang JJ, Song CG, Dai JM, Li L, Yang XM, Chen ZN (2022) Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu-opioid receptor. MedComm 3(3):e148. doi: 10.1002/mco2.148 PMID: 35774845

Objective: To examine the mechanism of opioid addiction, with a specific focus on the reward circuitry and the role of the mu-opioid receptor, and to explore potential intervention therapies.

Summary: The authors discuss the neurobiological processes underlying addiction and highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms in developing effective intervention therapies for opioid addiction.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

See Also:

• Jenrette TA et al. Lesions of the patch compartment of dorsolateral striatum disrupt stimulus-response learning. Neuroscience 415:161-172, 2019.

Kim S, Shukla RK, Kim E, Cressman SG, Yu H, Baek A, Choi H, Kim A, Sharma A, Wang Z, Huang CA, Reneau JC, Boyaka PN, Liyanage NPM, Kim S (2022) Comparison of CD3e antibody and CD3e-sZAP immunotoxin treatment in mice identifies szap as the main driver of vascular leakage. Biomedicines 10(6):1221. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061221

Objective: Investigate and identify the toxicity profiles of a CD3e-mAb and an immunotoxin of this CD3e antibody conjugated to saporin via a biotin-streptavidin bond, S-CD3e-IT.

Summary: The two agents had opposite effects on T cells, with the antibody alone able to modulate CD3e on the cell surface while the S-CD3e-IT caused depletion of the cell. The immunotoxin increased the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the tissue parenchyma of the spleen and lungs, a sign of vascular permeability while the antibody alone showed no signs of vascular leakage.

Usage: S-CD3e-IT was prepared by reacting biotinylated CD3e antibody with Streptavidin-ZAP in a 1:1 molar ratio. C57BL/6J mice received 25 μg of S-CD3e-IT in sterile 200 μL PBS, twice a day via retro-orbital injection for four days.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF (2022) Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 15(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6

Objective: To analyze the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.

Summary: This review article suggests that antibody-based conditioning regimens may be the next big advancement in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Related Products: Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)

See Also:

• Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.
• Castiello MC et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD45-saporin as conditioning agent for RAG deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147(1):309-320.e6, 2021.
• Czechowicz A et al. Selective hematopoietic stem cell ablation using CD117-antibody-drug-conjugates enables safe and effective transplantation with immunity preservation. Nat Commun 10:617, 2019.
• Li Z et al. Hematopoietic chimerism and donor-specific skin allograft tolerance after non-genotoxic CD117 antibody-drug-conjugate conditioning in MHC-mismatched allotransplantation. Nat Commun 10:616, 2019.

Krieger JP, Asker M, Van der Velden P, Börchers S, Richard JE, Maric I, Longo F, Singh A, De Larigue G, Skibicka KP (2022) Neural pathway for gut feelings: vagal interoceptive feedback from the gastrointestinal tract is a critical modulator of anxiety-like behavior. Biological Psychiatry in press. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.020

Objective: To determine how the sensing of gastrointestinal state affects anxiety.

Summary: Vagal sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for baseline and feeding-induced tuning of anxiety via the central amygdala in rats. The article results suggest vagal gut-brain signaling as a target to normalize interoception in anxiety.

Usage: 1.5 ul of CCK-SAP or Blank-SAP were delivered into each nodose ganglion at 250 ng/ul.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Ahn JP (2022) Ablation of dorsomedial striatum patch compartment results in modification to reward-driven behaviors in rats. Mercer University School of Medicine Thesis.

Objective: This thesis intended to demonstrate that selective ablation of dorsomedial striatum (DMS) patch compartment neurons results in a significant impact on the initial development of reward-driven behaviors during the early stages of drug seeking behavior.

Summary: Through the use Dermorphin-SAP and training rats to self-administer cocaine, ablation of the patch compartment of the DMS resulted in an increase in early-stage lever pressing, suggesting that the DMS patch compartment contributes to reward-driven behaviors.

Usage: 17 ng/µl Dermorphin-SAP in sterile artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) to selectively ablate patch compartment neurons. Infusions into either the dorsomedial striatum or dorsolateral striatum (2 µl of infusion liquid).

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)