References

Szigeti C, Bencsik N, Simonka AJ, Legradi A, Kasa P, Gulya K (2013) Long-term effects of selective immunolesions of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on the ascending cholinergic pathways in the rat: A model for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 94C:9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.01.007

Summary: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) has been used extensively to generate models of Alzheimer’s disease in rats. In this work, the authors detailed the time course of neuronal loss with an eye on potential recovery from the lesion. The nucleus basalis magnocellularis of rats was injected with 75 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) and long-term changes were tracked by immunohistochemistry. While some acetylcholinesterase neurons, considered cholinoceptive, were lost, choline acetyltransferase (cholinergic) neurons sustained a massive irreversible reduction in number.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Shia WW, Bailey RC (2013) Single domain antibodies for the detection of ricin using silicon photonic microring resonator arrays. Anal Chem 85(2):805-810. doi: 10.1021/ac3030416 PMID: 23268548

Summary: A major hurdle to clear in the fight against bioterrorism is the ability to identify various biowarfare agents. One of the more difficult substances to identify is ricin. This work describes the use of single domain antibodies to identify ricin in a microring resonator array assay. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) along with affinity purified chicken anti-saporin (Cat. #AB-17AP) were used as controls when constructing the assay. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using microring resonator arrays for the detection of biowarfare agents.

Related Products: Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Hamlin AS, Windels F, Boskovic Z, Sah P, Coulson EJ (2013) Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice disrupt idiothetic navigation. PLoS One 8(1):e53472. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053472

Summary: Alzheimer’s disease patients perform poorly on spatial navigation tests requiring either distal cues (allothetic) or body-centered cues (idiothetic). The authors used 0.2 μg bilateral infusions of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) into the lateral ventricles of mice to examine the hypothesis that the cholinergic medial septo-hippocampal circuit is important for idiothetic navigation. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. Lesioned animals were similar to controls in contextual fear conditioning, spatial working memory, as well as several other parameters. But exploratory behavior requiring idiothetic signals was very disorganized, indicating that cholinergic cells are vital to idiothetic navigation.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Ferrini F, Trang T, Mattioli TA, Laffray S, Del’Guidice T, Lorenzo LE, Castonguay A, Doyon N, Zhang W, Godin AG, Mohr D, Beggs S, Vandal K, Beaulieu JM, Cahill CM, Salter MW, De Koninck Y (2013) Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 16(2):183-192. doi: 10.1038/nn.3295

Summary: Although morphine is the drug of choice in dealing with chronic pain, it paradoxically can produce a hyperalgesic state. The authors examined the issue from several different angles. One method was to eliminate spinal microglia of rats through the intrathecal application of 16-32 μg of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-33). 20 μg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. It was found that P2X4 receptors expressed by microglia were necessary for the development of morphine hyperalgesia, but not morphine tolerance.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Menendez L, Kulik MJ, Page AT, Park SS, Lauderdale JD, Cunningham ML, Dalton S (2013) Directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells to neural crest stem cells. Nat Protoc 8(1):203-212. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.156 PMID: 23288320

Summary: This protocol describes in detail how to perform a highly efficient, lineage-specific differentiation of human pluripotent cells to a NCSC fate.

Usage: 0.2 ul per 10^6 cells

Related Products: NGFr (ME20.4, p75) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N07)

LaPlante F (2013) Featured Article: Role of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens and their involvement in schizophrenic pathology. Targeting Trends 14(1)

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

See Also:

• Laplante F et al. Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine. Synapse 67(1):21-29, 2013.

Kukkonen JP (2013) Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304(1):C2-32 . doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012

Summary: This review updates an original review from a decade ago on the subject of orexins. These neuropeptides have been shown to be involved in sleep, wakefulness, appetite, metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. This broad spectrum of action affects many processes including neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. The use of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) in some of this work is discussed.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Anaclet C, Lin JS, Vetrivelan R, Krenzer M, Vong L, Fuller PM, Lu J (2012) Identification and characterization of a sleep-active cell group in the rostral medullary brainstem. J Neurosci 32(50):17970-17976. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0620-12.2012

Summary: The authors attempt to locate and identify specific neuronal populations that promote sleep. One method utilized was 130-330 pg injections of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) into the parafacial zone. These results establish the parafacial zone as a delimited node of sleep-active neurons.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Cusulin C, Monni E, Ahlenius H, Wood J, Brune J, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z (2012) Embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells fuse with microglia and mature neurons. Stem Cells 30:2657-2671. doi: 10.1002/stem.1227

Summary: The fusogenic role of microglia could be even more important after NSC transplantation into brains affected by neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation.

Usage: Primary Cells and NS Cell Coculture. Seven to twelve days after plating primary cells, NS cells were plated on top (10,000 cells per cm2)  for 1–3 days. Rat primary cells were treated with 10 nM Mac-1-SAP or Mouse IgG-SAP during the 5 days prior to the coculture, and analyzed 3 days thereafter.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Kaminski KL, Watts AG (2012) Intact catecholamine inputs to the forebrain are required for appropriate regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression by corticosterone in the rat paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 24(12):1517-1526. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02363.x

Summary: Corticosterone releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) control release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids. In order to determine the contribution of these neurons to CRH and vasopressin expression in the PVH the authors administered bilateral 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVH of both normal and adrenalectomized rats. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data demonstrate that under certain conditions CRH and vasopressin gene expression is modulated by interactions between corticosterone and catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)