2001 Targeting Trends Review

Lamprea MR, Cardenas FP, Silveira R, Morato S, Walsh TJ (2000) Dissociation of memory and anxiety in a repeated elevated plus maze paradigm: Forebrain cholinergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 117:97-105. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00294-1

Summary: The septo-hippocampal pathway has been implicated in many behavioral processes such as learning, anxiety, and motivation. Using 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) to lesion the cholinergic neurons of the medial septum of rats, the authors demonstrate changes in exploratory behavior associated with learning, but no changes in anxiety-associated behavior in their elevated plus maze paradigm.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Gerashchenko D, Kohls MD, Greco M, Waleh NS, Salin-Pascual R, Kilduff TS, Lappi DA, Shiromani PJ (2001) Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 21(18):7273-7283. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07273.2001 PMID: 11549737

Summary: Orexin (also knows as hypocretin) peptides are produced exclusively by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, however non-specific lesioning in this region has not produced narcoleptic-like sleep. Gerashchenko et al. use orexin-SAP (490 ng/0.5 µl; Cat. #IT-20) to specifically eliminate orexin neurons in rats. The treated rats displayed several sleep disturbances found in narcolepsy, including increased slow-wave sleep, and sleep-onset REM sleep periods. The data suggest that orexin-SAP can be used to create a model for narcolepsy in rats.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Saporin Goat Polyclonal, affinity-purified FITC-labeled (Cat. #AB-15APFL), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP)

Gerashchenko D, Salin-Pascual R, Shiromani PJ (2001) Effects of hypocretin-saporin injections into the medial septum on sleep and hippocampal theta. Brain Res 913:106-115. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02792-5

Summary: Hypocretin, also known as orexin, neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus. Recently, the loss of these neurons was shown to be associated with narcolepsy. The authors used orexin-SAP (100 ng/0.5 µl; Cat. #IT-20) to eliminate parvalbumin and cholinergic neurons (orexin B receptor-expressing) in the rat medial septum. They used 192-Saporin (1 µg/ 1 µl; Cat. #IT-01) to contrast the effect and eliminate only cholinergic neurons (NGF/p75 receptor-expressing). Hippocampal theta activity was completely eliminated in orexin-SAP treated rats by day 12, suggesting that orexin neurons influence cognitive processes critical for survival.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Harrell LE, Parsons D, Kolasa K (2001) Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth occurs following 192-IgG-saporin administration. Brain Res 911:158-162. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02626-9

Summary: Electrolytic lesions of the medial septal region in rats cause peripheral sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglia to grow into the cholinergically-denervated areas of the hippocampus. This lesioning method is non-specific and disrupts several other cell types in the area of the lesion. The authors infused 192-Saporin (1 µg/10 µl saline into medial septum; Cat. #IT-01) to eliminate only the cholinergic neurons, leaving other cell types intact. Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth still occurs when only the cholinergic neurons are eliminated, indicating that this occurrence is in response to the loss of cholinergic projections from the medial septum.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Daniels D, Miselis RR, Flanagan-Cato LM (2001) Transneuronal tracing from sympathectomized lumbar epaxial muscle in female rats. J Neurobiol 48(4):278-290. doi: 10.1002/neu.1057

Summary: The authors use pseudorabies virus (PRV) to study central neural networks such as the one controlling the lordosis reflex (increased curvature of the spine). To aid in the separation of the sympathetic nervous system and higher order systems, rats were treated with lumbar injections of anti-DBH-SAP (156 ng to 5 µg; Cat. #IT-03), then labeled with PRV. PRV labeling in the brain was absent in areas associated with vasomotor tone, but persisted in areas implicated in control of the lordosis response.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Linster C, Garcia PA, Hasselmo ME, Baxter MG (2001) Selective loss of cholinergic neurons projecting to the olfactory system increases perceptual generalization between similar, but not dissimilar, odorants. Behav Neurosci 115(4):826-833. doi: 10.1037//0735-7044.115.4.826

Summary: Selective cholinergic lesioning of the basal forebrain has been linked to attentional and cognitive deficits. 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) was administered to the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (0.3 µl at 0.175 µg/µl in each hemisphere) destroying projections to the olfactory bulb and cortex. The results demonstrate cholinergic lesions affect the perceptual qualities of odors, and may possibly represent a general mechanism for cholinergic effects on information processing.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Motooka Y, Kondoh T, Nomura T, Tamaki N, Tozaki H, Kanno T, Nishizaki T (2001) Selective cholinergic denervation inhibits expression of long-term potentiation in the adult but not infant rat hippocampus. Devel Brain Res 129:119-123. doi: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00179-1

Summary: The authors studied the possible role of cholinergic systems in long-term potentiation (LTP), which is one of the most intensively studied models of learning and memory. 192-Saporin (4.2 µg/5 µl, Cat. #IT-01) injections were made in both infant and adult rats and the probability of LTP development was studied in hippocampal slices from animals treated 2 weeks or 2 months before. Cholinergic denervation by 192-Saporin did not affect LTP expression in the infant brain, however, the results strongly suggest that cholinergic systems in the adult brain participate in an LTP pathway.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Browne SE, Lin L, Mattsson A, Georgievska B, Isacson O (2001) Selective antibody-induced cholinergic cell and synapse loss produce sustained hippocampal and cortical hypometabolism with correlated cognitive deficits. Exp Neurol 170:36-47. doi: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7700

Summary: The authors used 192-Saporin (two 2.5-µg bilateral injections of 1 µg/µl; Cat. #IT-01) to eliminate cholinergic neurons in the rat, then measured cerebral rates of glucose utilization. The findings show sustained reduction in glucose utilization in the brain regions showing loss of cholinergic neurons, specifically the frontal cortical and hippocampal regions. These same animals demonstrated impaired performance in a Morris water maze. The results reinforce the theory that cholinergic systems influence metabolism and cognition in the cortex and hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Martin JL, Sloviter RS (2001) Focal inhibitory interneuron loss and principal cell hyperexcitability in the rat hippocampus after microinjection of a neurotoxic conjugate of saporin and a peptidase-resistant analog of substance P. J Comp Neurol 436:127-152. doi: 10.1002/cne.1065

Usage: The authors used SSP-SAP (0.4 ng/10 nl; Cat. #IT-11).

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Ferreira G, Meurisse M, Tillet Y, Lévy F (2001) Distribution and co-localization of choline acetyltransferase and p75 neurotrophin receptors in the sheep basal forebrain: implications for the use of a specific cholinergic immunotoxin. Neuroscience 104(2):419-439. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00075-6 PMID: 11377845

Summary: ME20.4 is a monoclonal antibody (Cat. #AB-N07) that has been shown to bind the p75 receptor in rabbit, sheep, dog, cat, raccoon, pig, and several primate species. Ferreira et al. investigate ME20.4-SAP (bilateral, 150 µl per ventricle, 50-150 µg total; Cat. #IT-15) use in sheep to assess distribution and localization of p75. The authors demonstrate 80-95% loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and entorhinal cortex.

Related Products: ME20.4-SAP (Cat. #IT-15), NGFr (ME20.4, p75) Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-N07)