Barry DM, Liu XT, Liu B, Liu XY, Gao F, Zeng X, Liu J, Yang Q, Wilhelm S, Yin J, Tao A, Chen ZF (2020) Exploration of sensory and spinal neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide in itch and pain related behaviors. Nat Commun 11(1):1397. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15230-y
Objective: To determine the role of GRP in sensory neurons.
Summary: GRP is a neuropeptide in sensory neurons for nonhistaminergic itch, and GRP sensory neurons are dedicated to itch transmission.
Usage: Bombesin-SAP (200 ng/5 μL, i.t.) was injected 2 weeks prior to optical stimulation.
Bernabe CS, Caliman IF, Truitt WA, Molosh AI, Lowry CA, Hay-Schmidt A, Shekhar A, Johnson PL (2020) Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 34(4):400-411. doi: 10.1177/0269881119900981
Objective: To investigate the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors.
Summary: The studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.
Usage: Each rat received two bilateral microinjections per site (100 nL each, 1 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) of either Anti-SERT-SAP or the control Mouse IgG-SAP.
Cutuli D, Landolfo E, Decandia D, Nobili A, Viscomi MT, La Barbera L, Sacchetti S, De Bartolo P, Curci A, D’Amelio M, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Petrosini L (2020) Neuroprotective role of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in the presence of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons degeneration in aged mice. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1741. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051741 PMID: 32143275
Objective: Examine the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in an Alzheimer’s model of aged mice.
Summary: Aged mice were fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) or a caloric-equivalent source of fat without n-3 PUFA. Afterward, mice were subjected to lesioning of the cholinergic system with mu p-75-SAP (Cat. IT-16) and assessed for dementia-like symptoms. Mice fed with n-3 PUFA performed better on memory retention tasks and had more exploratory behaviors.
Usage: Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of mu-p75-saporin (IT-16); total dosage 0.6 μg/mouse.
Zhang F, Huan L, Xu T, Li G, Zheng B, Zhao H, Guo Y, Shi J, Sun J, Chen A (2020) Inflammatory macrophages facilitate mechanical stress-induced osteogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 12(4):3617-3625. doi: 10.18632/aging.102833
Summary: In a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), there was significant increase in macrophages in the regeneration area. This suggests that targeting inflammatory macrophages may help to improve clinical bone repair.
Usage: For saporin-mediated depletion of macrophages, DO-surgery-treated mice received an intraventricular (iv) injection of either Mac-1-SAP or Rat IgG-SAP (20µg) once every 3 days.
Meng J, Chen W, Wang J (2020) Intervening B-type natriuretic peptide signaling for controlling chronic itch. Brit J Pharmacol 177(5):1025-1040. doi: 10.1111/bph.14952
Objective: Review of recent findings used to examine the role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in itch transduction and the modulation of other pururitic proteins.
Summary: Mice treated with Nppb-SAP ablated 70% of the BNP receptor-positive neurons in the spinal cord.
Srikanthan MA, Humbert O, Haworth KG, Ironside C, Rajawat YS, Blazar BR, Palchaudhuri R, Boitano AE, Cooke MP, Scadden DT, Kiem HP (2020) Effective multi-lineage engraftment in a mouse model of fanconi anemia using non-genotoxic antibody-based conditioning. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 17:455-464. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.02.001 PMID: 32226796
Objective: To utilize antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) as an alternative conditioning regimen in a Fanconi anemia (FA) mouse model of autologous transplantation.
Summary: Antibody conjugates targeting hematopoietic cells are an emerging non-genotoxic method of promoting engraftment of transplanted cells while maintaining intact marrow cellularity. FANCA knockout mice were conditioned with either Anti-CD45-SAP or Anti-CD117-SAP prior to receiving whole marrow from a heterozygous healthy donor. Bone marrow and peripheral blood analysis revealed equivalent levels of donor engraftment, with minimal toxicity in ADC-treated groups as compared with cyclophosphamide-treated control.
Usage: Anti-CD45-SAP (3 mg/kg total complex) or Anti-CD117-SAP (1.5 mg/kg total complex) via tail vein injection.
Crevier-Sorbo G, Rymar, VV,Crevier-Sorbo R, Sadikot AF (2020) Thalamostriatal degeneration contributes to dystonia and cholinergic interneuron dysfuntion in a mouse model of huntington’s disease. Acta Neruopatho Commun 8(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-0878-0 PMID: 32033588
Objective: To ablate the neurons of the Thalamostrial system (TS) to elucidate their role in the motor symptoms of Huntington’s Disease.
Summary: Huntington’s disease is an autosomal disorder characterized by involuntary movement and striatal neuronal loss. Glutaminergic input from the TS is implicated in disease progression and motor deficits. Anti-ChAT-SAP is used to ablate neurons in the Thalamostrial system to understand the role these neurons played in Huntington’s.
Usage: Mice underwent unilateral, striatal injections with either Anti-ChAT-SAP (IT-42) or Rabbit IgG-SAP (IT-35). The total volume and concentration of either saporin construct was the same (0.7 μL of 0.6 μg/μL solution).
Liu X, Miao XH, Liu T (2020) More than scratching the surface: recent progress in brain mechanisms underlying itch and scratch. Neurosci Bull 36(1):85-88. doi: 10.1007/s12264-019-00352-1
Summary: The discovery of descending neural circuitry to drive the itch-scratching cycle may provide potential therapeutic targets in the central nervous system for the management of chronic itch.
Usage: To ablate the spinal GRPR+ neurons, mice were intrathecally injected with Bombesin-SAP or Blank-SAP (400 ng/5 mL).
Seven YB, Simon AK, Sajjadi E, Zwick A, Satriotomo I, Mitchell GS (2020) Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition protects phrenic motor neurons from cell death induced by protein synthesis inhibition. Exp Neurol 323:113067. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113067
Objective: To test the hypothesis that A2A receptor antagonism promotes phrenic motor neuron survival and preserves diaphragm function when faced with toxic, neurodegenerative insults that lead to phrenic motor neuron death.
Summary: The authors utilized a novel neurotoxic model of respiratory motor neuron death using intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP. A2A receptors contribute to neurotoxic phrenic motor neuron death, an effect mitigated by A2A receptor antagonism.
Usage: Intrapleural administration of CTB-SAP (25 μg per side) causes: 1) profound phrenic motor neuron death (~5% survival); 2) ~7-fold increase in phrenic motor neuron A2A receptor expression prior to cell death; and 3) diaphragm muscle paralysis (inactive in most rats; ~7% residual diaphragm EMG amplitude during room air breathing).
Patrone LGA, Capalbo AC, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH (2020) An age- and sex-dependent role of catecholaminergic neurons in the control of breathing and hypoxic chemoreflex during postnatal development. Brain Res 1726:146508. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146508
Objective: To discover the role of brainstem catecholaminergic (CA) neurons in the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR).
Summary: Brainstem CA neurons modulate the HVR during the postnatal phase, and possibly thermoregulation during hypoxia.
Usage: Evaluation of brainstem CA neurons in the HVR during postnatal development in male and female rats through specific cell depletion with Anti-DBH-SAP (420 ng/nL) injected in the fourth ventricle.
