targeted-toxins

Diaz-delCastillo M, Woldbye DPD, Heegaard AM (2018) Neuropeptide Y and its involvement in chronic pain. Neuroscience 387:162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.050

Related Products: NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

Pitake S, Ralph PC, DeBrecht J, Mishra SK (2018) Atopic dermatitis linked cytokine interleukin-31 induced itch mediated via a neuropeptide natriuretic polypeptide b. Acta Derm Venereol 98:795-796. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2977

Objective: To determine if NPPB is involved as a neuropeptide in IL-31-mediated itch in atopic dermatitis (AD) via natriuretic polypeptide receptor A (NPRA) in the spinal cord.

Summary: This study reveals an important role of neuropeptide NPPB in AD that could provide a therapeutic target for alleviating chronic itch associated with AD.

Usage: To further demonstrate the IL-31-mediated itch response by NPRA receptors expressed in the spinal cord, Nppb-SAP (5 μg) was used to eliminate neurons expressing NPRA receptors in the spinal cord.

Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Shumilov K, Real MÁ, Valderrama-Carvajal A, Rivera A (2018) Selective ablation of striatal striosomes produces the deregulation of dopamine nigrostriatal pathway. PLoS One 13:e0203135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203135

Objective: To increase knowledge in the role of the striosomal projection onto the dopamine neurons of the SNc and its impact on the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.

Summary: Results highlight the key function of the striosomes for maintenance of the striatal dopamine tone and contribute to the understanding of their involvement in some neurological disorders such as Huntington’s disease.

Usage: Unilateral intrastriatal 2-μl injections of Dermorphin-SAP (17 μg/μl in saline) were performed to induce the selective ablation of MOR-expressing neurons in the striosomal compartment.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Acovic A, Simovic Markovic B, Gazdic M, Arsenijevic A, Jovicic N, Gajovic N, Jovanovic M, Zdravkovic N, Kanjevac T, Harrell CR, Fellabaum C, Dolicanin Z, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Volarevic V (2018) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent expansion of T-regulatory cells maintains mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 11:1-22. doi: 10.1177/1756284818793558

Objective: To analyze the significance of the IDO:Treg axis for inducing and maintaining mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis (UC).

Summary: IDO-dependent expansion of endogenous Tregs should be explored as a new approach for induction and maintenance of mucosal healing in patients with UC.

Usage: DSS-treated BALB/c mice were injected with Anti-CD103-SAP (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally).

Related Products: Anti-CD103-SAP (Cat. #IT-50)

Solari N, Hangya B (2018) Cholinergic modulation of spatial learning, memory and navigation. Eur J Neurosci 48:2199-2230. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14089

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Pitchers KK, Sarter M, Robinson TE (2018) The hot ‘n’ cold of cue-induced drug relapse. Learn Mem 25:474-480. doi: 10.1101/lm.046995.117

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Lelkes Z, Abdurakhmanova S, Porkka-Heiskanen T (2018) Cholinergic basal forebrain structures are not essential for mediation of the arousing action of glutamate. J Sleep Res 27:e12605. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12605

Objective: Discover to what extent the cholinergic versus non‐cholinergic basal forebrain projection neurones contribute to the arousing action of glutamate.

Summary: Destruction of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons did not abolish the wake‐enhancing action of NMDA. Thus, the cholinergic basal forebrain structures are not essential for the mediation of the arousing action of glutamate.

Usage: 0.23 μg 192 IgG‐SAP was administered into the basal forebrain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Oliveira LM, Falquetto B, Moreira TS, Takakura AC (2018) Orexinergic neurons are involved in the chemosensory control of breathing during the dark phase in a Parkinson’s disease model. Exp Neurol 309:107-118. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.004

Objective: To determine the involvement of orexin cells from the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/PeF) on breathing.

Summary: The degeneration of orexinergic neurons in this model of PD can be related to impaired chemoreceptor function in the dark phase.

Usage: For lesions of LH/PeF, two injections of Orexin-B-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP (100 ng/μl) were made into the lateral hypothalamus / perifornical area (LH/PeF).

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Mousseau M, Burma NE, Lee KY, Leduc-Pessah H, Kwok CHT, Reid AR, O’Brien M, Sagalajev B, Stratton JA, Patrick N, Stemkowski PL, Biernaskie J, Zamponi GW, Salo P, McDougall JJ, Prescott SA, Matyas JR, Trang T (2018) Microglial pannexin-1 channel activation is a spinal determinant of joint pain. Sci Adv 4:1-12. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9846

Objective: To identify therapeutic targets for alleviating mechnical allodynia, a sign/symptom of arthritis.

Summary: The pannexin-1 (Panx1) channel is validated as a target; blockade of P2X7 receptors or ablation of spinal microglia prevented and reversed mechanical allodynia.

Usage: Mac-1-SAP and unconjugated Saporin (15 mg per intrathecal injection on days 0, 1, and 2). The specific depletion of spinal lumbar microglia attenuated the development of MIA-induced hypersensitivity indicating that spinal microglia causally contribute to the development of mechanical allodynia. By contrast, intrathecal injection of Control (unconjugated Saporin) did not alter the development of MIA-induced mechanical allodynia.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kohli S, King MV, Williams S, Edwards A, Ballard TM, Steward LJ, Alberati D, Fone KCF (2019) Oxytocin attenuates phencyclidine hyperactivity and increases social interaction and nucleus accumben dopamine release in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(2):295-305. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0171-0

Summary: The authors suggest that further evaluation such as by microinjection with selective antagonists or lesions using the neurotoxin, Oxytocin-SAP, would help delineate the brain region/s and receptor/s involved.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46)