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Implication of cerebral dopamine-beta hydroxylase for cardiovascular and mood regulation in rats.
Chang ST, Liu YP, Huang CL, Wang PY, Tung CS (2013) Implication of cerebral dopamine-beta hydroxylase for cardiovascular and mood regulation in rats. Chin J Physiol 56(4):209-218. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2013.BAB103
Summary: The ascending fibers affected by norepinephrine are involved in a variety of processes, including emotion, anxiety, and regulation of central autonomic outflows such as cardiovascular regulation and energy balance. The authors examined whether the loss of norephinephrine would cause autonomic failure in cardiovascular regulation. Rats received a single intraventricular injection of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03). Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that norepinephrine deficits in the brain influence reduction of excitatory responses to orthostatic stress.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Single domain antibodies for the detection of ricin using silicon photonic microring resonator arrays.
Shia WW, Bailey RC (2013) Single domain antibodies for the detection of ricin using silicon photonic microring resonator arrays. Anal Chem 85(2):805-810. doi: 10.1021/ac3030416 PMID: 23268548
Summary: A major hurdle to clear in the fight against bioterrorism is the ability to identify various biowarfare agents. One of the more difficult substances to identify is ricin. This work describes the use of single domain antibodies to identify ricin in a microring resonator array assay. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) along with affinity purified chicken anti-saporin (Cat. #AB-17AP) were used as controls when constructing the assay. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using microring resonator arrays for the detection of biowarfare agents.
Related Products: Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis.
Ferrini F, Trang T, Mattioli TA, Laffray S, Del’Guidice T, Lorenzo LE, Castonguay A, Doyon N, Zhang W, Godin AG, Mohr D, Beggs S, Vandal K, Beaulieu JM, Cahill CM, Salter MW, De Koninck Y (2013) Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 16(2):183-192. doi: 10.1038/nn.3295
Summary: Although morphine is the drug of choice in dealing with chronic pain, it paradoxically can produce a hyperalgesic state. The authors examined the issue from several different angles. One method was to eliminate spinal microglia of rats through the intrathecal application of 16-32 μg of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-33). 20 μg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. It was found that P2X4 receptors expressed by microglia were necessary for the development of morphine hyperalgesia, but not morphine tolerance.
Related Products: Mac-1-SAP rat (Cat. #IT-33), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Insights into the mechanism of cell death induced by saporin delivered into cancer cells by an antibody fusion protein targeting the transferrin receptor 1.
Daniels-Wells TR, Helguera G, Rodriguez JA, Leoh LS, Erb MA, Diamante G, Casero D, Pellegrini M, Martinez-Maza O, Penichet ML (2013) Insights into the mechanism of cell death induced by saporin delivered into cancer cells by an antibody fusion protein targeting the transferrin receptor 1. Toxicol In Vitro 27(1):220-231. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.10.006
Summary: The antibody-avidin fusion protein ch128.1Av has been shown to target the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and kill malignant B cells by blocking the use of iron. Combination of this construct with a mono-biotinylated saporin custom conjugate produces an iron-independent toxicity to TfR1-expressing cells, even those that are resistant to ch128.1Av alone. The saporin-containing conjugate induces a transcriptional response consistent with oxidative stress and DNA damage. The data also show that the saporin conjugate is not toxic to human hematopoeietic stem cells.
Usage: An antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) was mixed with MonoBiotin-ZAP to make an immunotoxin that targets the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1).
Related Products: MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP), Custom Conjugates
Cholinergic denervation attenuates phencyclidine-induced c-fos responses in rat cortical neurons.
Savage S, Mattsson A, Olson L (2012) Cholinergic denervation attenuates phencyclidine-induced c-fos responses in rat cortical neurons. Neuroscience 216:38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.064
Summary: Phenylcyclidine (PCP) has been used to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals. 81 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was injected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of rats to assess the effects of low dose PCP in a cholinergically-deprived system. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Results demonstrate basalocortical cholinergic neurons are necessary for PCP to have full effect.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Lethal Dose of Saporin in Mice
Q: What is the LD50 of saporin in mice? Do you have references for this?
A: Thank you for your question. It is very helpful to have this information to calculate the appropriate dose for systemic administration.
According to the work of Thorpe et al., saporin alone has an acute LD50, when delivered intravenously, of 6.8 mg/kg in mice. Histologic examination of kidneys from mice receiving near-lethal doses of saporin revealed necrosis of the convoluted tubules. Other major organs had only minor changes.
Once saporin is attached to an immunoglobulin, the LD50 drops dramatically to 1.0 mg/kg in systemic administration. Near-lethal doses of the conjugates, by contrast to saporin alone, inflicted major damage to the liver and spleen of the mice while the kidneys (and other organs) appeared normal under histologic examination.
References
Brainstem facilitations and descending serotonergic controls contribute to visceral nociception but not pregabalin analgesia in rats.
Sikandar S, Bannister K, Dickenson AH (2012) Brainstem facilitations and descending serotonergic controls contribute to visceral nociception but not pregabalin analgesia in rats. Neurosci Lett 519(1):31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.009
Summary: Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are classified as ON, OFF, or NEUTRAL based on firing patterns in response to noxious somatic stimulation. ON cells express μ-opioid receptors, and are therefore a target for dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12). The authors injected the RVM of rats with 3 pmol of dermorphin-SAP; Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Results show the μ-opioid receptor population is not needed for the function of analgesics through the serotonergic system.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
A2 noradrenergic lesions prevent renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia in rats.
Pedrino GR, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Almeida Colombari DS, Rosa DA, Cravo SL (2012) A2 noradrenergic lesions prevent renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 7(5):e37587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037587
Summary: It is thought that renal sympathetic nerve activity is a key component of the response to acute or chronic elevated concentrations of saline in the blood stream. The authors investigated what neurons are involved in the central control of these responses. Rats received bilateral 6.3 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the nucleus of the solitary tract. An equimolar amount (1.3 ng) of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Loss of the A2 noradrenergic neurons altered the renal sympathetic nerve activity response to elevated saline, suggesting that these neurons help regulate the extracellular fluid compartment.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Taylor AM, Osikowicz M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (2012) Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 153(6):1311-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.023
Summary: The authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10; 3.2 μg injected into the mental nerve) to eliminate C-fibers in the lower lip of rats to see if this was enough to induce the sprouting of autonomic fibers. Saporin alone (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Only parasympathetic fibers sprouted in these animals, but after nerve ligation surgery both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers sprouted.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Analgesia targeting IB4-positive neurons in cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity.
Ye Y, Dang D, Viet CT, Dolan JC, Schmidt BL (2012) Analgesia targeting IB4-positive neurons in cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. J Pain 13(6):524-531. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.01.006
Summary: DOR (δ opioid receptor) agonists produce minimal side effects and do not lead to tolerance, making them potential alternatives to the widely used μ opioid receptor agonists. Utilizing the fact that DOR’s are expressed by IB4-positive neurons, the authors injected the subarachnoid space between the L4 and L5 vertebrae of rats with 2.4 μg of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). 3 μg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results indicate that pharmacological agents targeting IB4-positive neurons may have use in cancer pain treatment.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)