History of Saporin

Haddad G, Zhu LF, Rayner DC, Murray AG ( 2013 ) Experimental glomerular endothelial injury in vivo. PLoS One 8(10):e78244 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078244

Related Products: MOA-SAP (Cat. #IT-92)

Mishra SK, Hoon MA (2013) The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice. Science 340(6135):968-971. doi: 10.1126/science.1233765

Summary: Although previous work implicated neurons expressing the GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) receptor were in the pruritic, or itch pathway, transgenic mice lacking natriuretic polypeptide b (Nppb) were almost completely insensitive to itch. Using the custom conjugate Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), the authors eliminated itch in response to a wide range of pruritic substances in normal mice through the administration of 5 μg of conjugate into the intrathecal space. Even after this lesion, the scratching response to intrathecal GRP was not changed, indicating that the role of GRP is at a later stage than previously hypothesized.

Related Products: Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Mishra SK, Holzman S, Hoon MA (2012) A nociceptive signaling role for neuromedin B. J Neurosci 32(25):8686-8695. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1533-12.2012

Summary: Previous work suggests that neuromedin B (NMB) is involved in nociception. Direct injection of the peptide causes nociceptive sensitization, while NMB antagonists attenuate sensitization in reponse to nerve stimulation with mustard oil. Specific subsets of dorsal horn interneurons were eliminated by administering either 10 μg of the custom conjugate neuromedin B-SAP, 0.13 μg of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), or 1.3 μg of bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40). Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The data indicate that NMB may be involved in the perception of thermal sensation, but not mechanical or pruritic sensation.

Related Products: NMB-SAP (Cat. #IT-70), SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Li AJ, Wiater MF, Oostrom MT, Smith BR, Wang Q, Dinh TT, Roberts BL, Jansen HT, Ritter S (2012) Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nuclei contribute to endogenous feeding rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(11):R1313-26. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00086.2012

Summary: It is clear that the arcuate nucleus (Arc) plays an important role in the generation of feeding rhythms. To clarify how this region modulates signals governing food intake the authors took advantage of the Arc mediation of leptin. Rats received bilateral injections of leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47, 56.5 ng per dose) into each Arc. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesioned animals quickly became obese and displayed arrhythmic eating patterns under normal light conditions. The results indicate that lesioned neurons in the Arc as well as those in the suprachiasmatic nuclei are required for maintenance of feeding rhythms controlled by photic cues.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Antonucci F, Alpár A, Kacza J, Caleo M, Verderio C, Giani A, Martens H, Chaudhry FA, Allegra M, Grosche J, Michalski D, Erck C, Hoffmann A, Harkany T, Matteoli M, Härtig W (2012) Cracking down on inhibition: Selective removal of GABAergic interneurons from hippocampal networks. J Neurosci 32(6):1989-2001. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2720-11.2012

Related Products: Anti-vGAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-71)

Polito L, Bortolotti M, Pedrazzi M, Bolognesi A (2011) Immunotoxins and other conjugates containing saporin-s6 for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 3(6):697-720. doi: 10.3390/toxins3060697

Laplante F, Lappi DA, Sullivan RM (2011) Cholinergic depletion in the nucleus accumbens: Effects on amphetamine response and sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(2):501-509. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.005

Summary: Disruption of dopamine and acetylcholine balance in the striatum may play a role in conditions such as Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. In this work the authors lesioned cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) with the novel toxin Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42). Rats received 0.25-µg bilateral injections of the toxin into the N.Acc. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. The results of this lesion produced responses that may parallel the loss of cholinergic neurons seen in schizophrenia.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Baskin DG, Kim F, Gelling RW, Russell BJ, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ, Simhan HN, Moralejo DH, Blevins JE (2010) A new oxytocin-saporin cytotoxin for lesioning oxytocin-receptive neurons in the rat hindbrain. Endocrinology 151(9):4207-4213. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0295

Summary: There is evidence to suggest that release of oxytocin in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the hindbrain can inhibit food intake by augmenting the cholecystokinin satiety response. In order to add support to this hypothesis the authors used oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46) to eliminate oxytocin receptive cells in the NTS. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. 0.5 µl-injections of oxytocin-SAP into the NTS caused reduced satiation effect of CCK-8 and blocked the stimulation of food intake by an oxytocin receptor antagonist.

Related Products: Oxytocin-SAP (Cat. #IT-46), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Lyu MA, Rai D, Ahn KS, Sung B, Cheung LH, Marks JW, Aggarwal BB, Aguiar RC, Gandhi V, Rosenblum MG (2010) The rGel/BLyS fusion toxin inhibits diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 12(5):366-375. doi: 10.1593/neo.91960

Sun YG, Zhao ZQ, Meng XL, Yin J, Liu XY, Chen ZF (2009) Cellular basis of itch sensation. Science 325:1531-1534. doi: 10.1126/science.1174868

Summary: Whether itch and pain use separate neuronal pathways has long been a subject of debate. The authors injected 400 ng of bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) into the intrathecal space of mice and examined itch and pain behavior. Lesioned mice had dramatic deficits in all itch behavior tested regardless of the histamine dependence of the itch. All pain behaviors, however, were left intact. These data indicate that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing neurons are essential for itch transmission.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40)

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