alzheimers-disease

Ku SK, Lim JM, Cho HR, Bashir KMI, Kim YS, Choi JS (2021) Tart cherry (fruit of prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (tccp) ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced muscular atrophy in mice. Medicina (Kaunas) 57(5):485. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050485 PMID: 34066110

Summary: Tart cherries have shown memory impairment lowering properties.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

See Also:

• Matchynski JJ et al. Combinatorial Treatment of Tart Cherry Extract and Essential Fatty Acids Reduces Cognitive Impairments and Inflammation in the mu-p75 Saporin-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Food 16(4):288-295, 2013.

Masmudi-Martín M, Navarro-Lobato I, López-Aranda MF, Browning PGF, Simón A-M, López-Téllez JF, Jiménez-Recuerda I, Martîn-Montañez E, Pérez-Mediavilla A, Frechilla D, Baxter MG, Khan ZU (2020) Reversal of object recognition memory deficit in perirhinal cortex-lesioned rats and primates and in rodent models of aging and alzheimer’s diseases. Neuroscience 448:287-298. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.039

Objective: To determine if Object Recognition Memory (ORM) can be restored.

Summary: Memory-deficient rats were generated by induction of lesions to the perirhinal cortex (PRh) through an injection of OX7-SAP. Expression of regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414) restored ORM in memory-deficient PRh-lesioned rats and nonhuman primates. This treatment was sufficient for full recovery of ORM in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.

Usage: Rats were injected with OX7-SAP (0.9 mg in 1ml) in the PRh of the brain.

Related Products: OX7-SAP (Cat. #IT-02)

Audira G, Ngoc Anh NT, Ngoc Hieu BT, Malhotra N, Siregar P, Villalobos O, Villaflores OB, Ger TR, Huang JC, Chen KH, Hsiao CD (2020) Evaluation of the adverse effects of chronic exposure to donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical assessments. Biomolecules 10(9):1340. doi: 10.3390/biom10091340 PMID: 32962160

Objective: The authors use zebrafish to conduct a deeper analysis of the potential adverse effects of DPZ on the short-term memory and behaviors of normal zebrafish by performing multiple behavioral and biochemical assays.

Summary: Chronic waterborne exposure to donepezil (DPZ) can severely induce adverse effects on normal zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Cutuli D et al. Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against cholinergic depletion. Alzheimers Res Ther 5(5):50, 2013.

Bolshakov AP, Stepanichev MY, Dobryakova YV, Spivak, YS, Markevich, VA (2020) Saporin from Saponaria officinalis as a tool for experimental research, modeling, and therapy in neuroscience. Toxins (Basel) 12(9):546. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090546

Summary: A review of studies where saporin-based conjugates were used to analyze cell mechanisms of sleep, general anesthesia, epilepsy, pain, and development of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Related Products: Targeted Toxins

Giannoni P, Fossati S, Claeysen S, Marcello E, eds (2020) Identification of multiple targets in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 12:169. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00169

Summary: A collection of 20 articles that depict a broad representation of the most impactful advances in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) comprehension and therapeutic openings.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Qian L, Kasas L, Milne MR, Rawashdeh O, Marks N, Sharma A, Bellingham MC, Coulson EJ (2020) Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to obstructive sleep apnoea increases Alzheimer’s pathology in mice. bioRxiv 2020.03.12.989848. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.12.989848

Usage: bilateral injections of urotensin II-saporin (UII-SAP; 0.07 μg/μL per site – unless stated otherwise; generous gift from Advanced Targeting Systems)

Related Products: Custom Conjugates, Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Cutuli D, Landolfo E, Decandia D, Nobili A, Viscomi MT, La Barbera L, Sacchetti S, De Bartolo P, Curci A, D’Amelio M, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Petrosini L (2020) Neuroprotective role of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in the presence of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons degeneration in aged mice. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1741. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051741 PMID: 32143275

Objective: Examine the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in an Alzheimer’s model of aged mice.

Summary: Aged mice were fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) or a caloric-equivalent source of fat without n-3 PUFA. Afterward, mice were subjected to lesioning of the cholinergic system with mu p-75-SAP (Cat. IT-16) and assessed for dementia-like symptoms. Mice fed with n-3 PUFA performed better on memory retention tasks and had more exploratory behaviors.

Usage: Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of mu-p75-saporin (IT-16); total dosage 0.6 μg/mouse.

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16)

Shin J, Kong C, Lee J, Choi BY, Sim J, Koh CS, Park M, Na YC, Suh SW, Chang WS, Chang JW (2019) Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in a cholinergic degeneration dementia rat model. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0569-x

Objective: To investigate the decrease of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Summary: This work studied the effect of FUS on AHN in a cholinergic degeneration rat model of dementia.

Usage: 192-IgG-SAP was injected bilaterally into the lateral ventricle (4 μl at a concentration of 0.63 μg/μl at a rate of 1 μl/min).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Kruashvili L, Beselia G, Chkhikvishvili N (2019) Effect of medial septal selective and non selective lesions on exploratory behavior and recognition memory. Neuroscience 2019 Abstracts 336.01. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.

Summary: Investigation of cholinergic system and memory interaction has especially become the object of scientific attention due to the clinical and experimental data, in which the severity of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was found to have a positive correlation with the extent of the cholinergic loss. The septum is connected to the hippocampus via the fimbria-fomix, which carries projections from the medial septum (MS), and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. These projections are predominantly cholinergic and GABAergic. Lesions of the fimbria-fomix, or electrolytic lesions of the MS, impair hippocampal- dependent learning and memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate ability to acquire and use spatial (or non-spatial) information as well as to habituate exploratory activity over time in sham-operated, electrolytic, neuro or immunotoxic MS lesioned rats. Methods: A total of 39 male rats were used. For electrolytic lesions a stainless steel was inserted in the MS. All injections were performed stereotaxically. Rats were individually given five 3-min sessions in the open field. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Center and were in accordance with the principles of laboratory animal care. Results: Examination of the AChE stained sections showed that after injections of 192 IgG saporin into the MS, animals exhibited significantly less AChE staining in MS and hippocampus as compared to sections obtained from control animals. The MS electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesioned rats showed an increase in their exploratory activity to the objects and were impaired in habituating to the objects in the repeated spatial environment, rats with immunolesions of the MS did not differ from control rats. Electrolytic lesions of the MS disrupt spatial recognition memory, rats with immuno- or neurotoxic lesions of the MS were normal in detecting spatial novelty. The MS lesioned and control rats clearly reacted to the object novelty by exploring the new object more than familiar ones. Conclusions: MS is sufficient for spatial recognition, but is not sufficient for object recognition memory, the selective loss of septohippocampal cholinergic or noncholinergic projections does not disrupt the function of the hippocampus to a suffi cient extent to impair spatial recognition memory. Therefore, the present study demonstrates dissociation between the two major components (cholinergic and noncholinergic) of the septohippocampal pathway in exploratory behavior assessed in the open field.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Nazmuddin M, Rao HA, Van Laar T, Sarter MF (2019) How to stimulate: Basal forebrain DBS parameters to restore the attentional performance of rats with cholinergic losses. Neuroscience 2019 Abstracts 377.10. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.

Summary: The degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons is an index of the severity of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, in PD patients, gait and balancing deficits, and an increased propensity for falls have been attributed to cholinergic losses. Thus, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the BF has been considered a potential therapeutic intervention to improve cognition and movement control in these patients. However, efficacy of BF DBS in clinical populations has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Likewise, the demonstration of beneficial effects of BF DBS in rodent models has been hampered by uncertainties about useful animal models and behavioral tasks and, importantly, a lack of consensus concerning DBS parameters (duration, frequency, current, intermittent versus continuous, prior and/or during task, etc.). Here we assessed various DBS parameters in rats with a partial loss of the cortical cholinergic input system. In rats, such cholinergic losses have been frequently demonstrated to impair the detection of cues during the performance of a Sustained Attention Task (SAT) and to attenuate performance recovery following a distractor challenge (dSAT). In PD patients with cholinergic losses, attentional impairments were also attributed to cortical and thalamic cholinergic losses (Kim et al., 2017). The attribution of SAT impairments to cholinergic losses is consistent with evidence showing that the detection of cues and associated attentional control parameters depend on cortical cholinergic signaling (e.g., Howe et al., 2017). Here, rats acquired the SAT, received infusions of the cholino-specific neurotoxin 192-IgG-saporin into the BF, and were implanted bilaterally with BF unipolar stimulation electrodes. Initial DBS parameters consisted of continuous high (130 Hz) versus low (20 Hz) frequency stimulation, intermittent (20-s ON at 80 Hz and 40-s OFF) stimulation, with pulse width and amplitude kept constant at 100 µs and 100 µA, respectively. We first assessed the effects of these DBS parameters on the behavior of rats in an open field space and then when administered during, or only prior to (for 1 hr), SAT and dSAT performance. Ongoing experiments indicate that these stimulation parameters are well tolerated as indicated by the absence of effects on locomotor and exploratory activity. We predict that BF DBS will be particularly effective in restoring attentional performance in the dSAT condition. If confirmed, this finding will suggest that demonstration of efficacy in patients will require measures indicating their attentional capacities in response to taxing performance challenges.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)