References

Esko JD, Stanley P (2017) Glycosylation mutants of cultured mammalian cells. (eds. Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Stanley P, Hart GW, Aebi M, Darvill AG, Kinoshita T, Packer NH, Prestegard JH, Schnaar RL, Seeberger PH). In: Essentials of Glycobiology Chapter 49. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press doi: 10.1101/glycobiology.3e.049

Related Products: FGF-SAP (Cat. #IT-38)

Diepenbroek C, Quinn D, Stephens R, Zollinger B, Anderson S, Pan A, de Lartigue G (2017) Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 313:G342-G352. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00095.2017

Objective: To develop a new method that allows targeted lesioning of vagal afferent neurons that innervate the upper GI tract while sparing vagal efferent neurons.

Summary: CCK-SAP ablates a subpopulation of VAN in culture. In vivo, CCK-SAP injection into the NG reduces VAN innervating the mucosal and muscular layers of the stomach and small intestine but not the colon, while leaving vagal efferent neurons intact.

Usage: In vitro: each well was treated with a different dose of saporin conjugates (0, 2.4, 24, or 240 ng) for 24 h. In vivo: An equal volume (rat: 1 µl; mouse: 0.5 µl) of CCK-SAP (250 ng/µl) or Saporin (250 ng/µl) was injected at two sites rostral and caudal to the laryngeal nerve branch.

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

Mu D, Sun Y-G (2017) Itch induces conditioned place aversion in mice. Neuroscience Letters 658:91-96.. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.046

Summary: Consistently, ablation of itch‐specific neurons that express gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor in the spinal cord also abolished itch‐induced Conditioned Place Aversion (CPA), confirming that itch‐induced CPA is dependent on the spinal itch circuit.

Usage: Mice were given a single intrathecal injection (400 ng/5 μl each) of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) or Control Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Challet E (2017) Circadian aspects of adipokine regulation in rodents. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 31:573-582. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.003

Summary: This paper reviews reciprocal links between the circadian clocks and rhythmic secretion of leptin, and discusses the metabolic impact of circadian desynchronization and altered rhythmic leptin.  The authors report that leptin is well-known to modulate the timing of food intake by its anorectic effects mostly mediated by the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus.  They cite a report by Li et al. demonstrating damage to the arcuate neurons expressing leptin receptors by local injections of Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47) leads to hyperphagia coupled to arrhythmic pattern of feeding.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47)

See Also:

• Li AJ et al. Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nuclei contribute to endogenous feeding rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(11):R1313-26, 2012.

Murtazina AR, Dilmukhametova LK, Nikishina YO, Sapronova AY, Volina EV, Ugrumov MV (2017) Changes in the secretory activity of organs producing noradrenaline upon inhibition of its synthesis in neonatal rat brain. Russ J Dev Biol 48:295-300.. doi: 10.1134/S1062360417050058

Summary: This study demonstrates that synthesis of noradrenaline after destruction of noradrenergic neurons was switched off by stereotactically injecting Anti-DBH-SAP (0.5 μg/2 μL; Cat #IT-03) into the lateral brain ventricle of neonatal rats. Forty-eight hours after treatment, expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in the brain was 56% higher, 53% higher in the adrenal glands, and 55.8% higher in the organ of Zuckerkandl as compared to control (2 μL of 0.9% NaCl).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Li G, Liu J, Wang Y, Yang K, Zhao M, Xiao Y, Wen X, Liu L (2017) LNGFR targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes the osteogenic differentiation in rat ectomesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 7(1):11021. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11555-9 PMID: 28887537

Objective: To demonstrate that nuclear β-catenin was upregulated during ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSC) osteogenic differentiation.

Summary: The data reveal that the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and positively regulates EMSC osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved in the development of teeth and that the targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway may have great potential for applications in dental tissue engineering regeneration.

Usage: Western blot

Related Products: NGFR (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

Capone E, Giansanti F, Ponziani S, Lamolinara A, Iezzi M, Cimini A, Angelucci F, Sorda R, Laurenzi V, Natali PG, Ippoliti R, Iacobelli S, Sala G (2017) EV20-Sap, a novel anti-HER-3 antibody-drug conjugate, displays promising antitumor activity in melanoma. Oncotarget 8(56):95412-95424. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20728 PMID: 29221137

Objective: Using EV20 (Anti-Her3)-SAP to target Her3 positive melanoma

Summary: Linking a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting Her3, named EV20, to saporin creates a powerful cytotoxic agent targeting melanoma – which overexpress the Her3 receptor. The antibody, EV20, rapidly is internalized by Her3 whether its dependent ligand is there or not. EV20-SAP demonstrated potent and specific cytotoxicity towards human melanoma cells.

Usage: At a concentration of 19 nM only 10% of the human melanoma cells 9 (SK-MEL24 melanoma cells) survived, where free saporin at the same concentration shows no/minimal cytotoxicity.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Echeverry S, Shi XQ, Yang M, Huang H, Wu Y, Lorenzo L-E, Perez-Sanchez J, Bonin RP, De Koninck Y, Zhang J (2017) Spinal microglia are required for long-term maintenance of neuropathic pain. Pain 158:1792-1801.. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000982

Summary: Selective depletion of spinal microglia in male rats with the targeted immunotoxin Mac-1-SAP and blockade of brain derived neurotrophic factor–TrkB signalling with intrathecal TrkB Fc chimera, but not cytokine inhibition, almost completely reversed pain hypersensitivity.  To selectively deplete microglia in the spinal cord, Mac-1-SAP was injected intrathecally.  In each group, rats received either an intrathecal injection of 12 mg/7 mL of Mac-1-SAP (n = 6-8) or equal volume of 0.9% saline (n 5 6) or the inactive unconjugated toxin, Saporin (n = 6).)

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Wang G, Ma Z, Cao L, Yan G, Wang Y, Jin Y, Shen H, Zhang Y, Xu X, Chen X, Shen Z (2017) A novel method for obtaining highly enriched Schwann cell populations from mature monkey nerves based on in vitro pre‑degeneration. Mol Med Rep 16(5):6600-6607. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7427 PMID: 28901508

Objective: To identify a novel technique that can efficiently isolate and purify Schwann cells (SCs) from mature monkey nerves based on in vitro pre-degeneration.

Summary: Based on their observations, the migration rate of SCs out of the nerve explants appeared to reach its maximum after 14 days. However, the level of fibroblast proliferation was also significantly increased, which reduced the purity of the SCs. Therefore, the shorter 7-day pre-degeneration period may be optimal to maximize SC purity. These Schwann cells may be used to provide support for regenerating peripheral or central nerves.

Usage: Immunofluorescence (1:500) and flow cytometry

Related Products: NGFR (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N01AP)

Lamb YN (2017) Inotuzumab ozogamicin: First global approval. Drugs 77(14):1603-1610. doi: 10.1007/s40265-017-0802-5 PMID: 28819740

Summary: Inotuzumab ozogamicin, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-calicheamicin conjugate, has received its first global approval as a promising treatment option. This novel therapy shows potential for addressing certain hematological malignancies and represents a significant advancement in the field of cancer treatment.