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Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction.
Likhtik E, Popa D, Apergis-Schoute J, Fidacaro GA, Pare D (2008) Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction. Nature 454(7204):642-645. doi: 10.1038/nature07167
Summary: Scientists have been using fear learning in animals to study human anxiety disorders. In order to investigate the contribution of amygdala plasticity to fear learning, rats received 0.25-µl bilateral infusions of 3-µM dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) into the amygdala. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Lesioned rats displayed extinction expression deficits, indicating that the eliminated intercalated amygdala neurons play a large role in the extinction process.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Tomoregulin internalization confers selective cytotoxicity of immunotoxins on prostate cancer cells.
Zhao XY, Liu HL, Liu B, Willuda J, Siemeister G, Mahmoudi M, Dinter H (2008) Tomoregulin internalization confers selective cytotoxicity of immunotoxins on prostate cancer cells. Transl Oncol 1:102-109. doi: 10.1593/tlo.08124
Summary: Tomoregulin is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic tail, and is found in the brain and prostate. After confirming cell surface localization by flow cytometry, and determining expression levels by whole-cell binding assays, the authors evaluated the use of tomoregulin as a target for immunotoxin therapy. Cells transfected with tomoregulin were treated with anti-tomoregulin + Mab-ZAP (IC50 = 160 pM; Cat. #IT-04) in vitro. The results demonstrate the potential for tomoregulin in prostate cancer treatment.
Related Products: Mab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-04)
Featured Article: Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress
Radley JJ (2008) Featured Article: Noradrenergic innervation of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex modulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional stress. Targeting Trends 9(3)
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Unilateral ablation of preBotzinger Complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness.
McKay LC, Feldman JL (2008) Unilateral ablation of preBotzinger Complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(1):89-95. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1901OC
Summary: Previous data has shown that ablation of preBötzinger complex (preBötC) neurokinin 1 expressing (NK1R) neurons disrupts breathing patterns in both sleep and wakefulness. The initial disruption is during sleep, with the eventual onset of ataxic breathing while the animals are awake. Here rats received a unilateral injection of SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07, 6.7 ng) into the left preBötC. SP plus unconjugated saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Unilaterally treated rats did not develop disrupted breathing patterns during wakefulness.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
GDNF hyperalgesia is mediated by PLCgamma, MAPK/ERK, PI3K, CDK5 and Src family kinase signaling and dependent on the IB4-binding protein versican.
Bogen O, Joseph EK, Chen X, Levine JD (2008) GDNF hyperalgesia is mediated by PLCgamma, MAPK/ERK, PI3K, CDK5 and Src family kinase signaling and dependent on the IB4-binding protein versican. Eur J Neurosci 28:12-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06308.x
Summary: C-fiber nociceptors have been divided into NGF and GDNF classes. Here the authors examined the function of an isolectin B4-binding subpopulation of these nocicepetors. Rats received 40 ng of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) into the intrathecal space between the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae. The results demonstrate that GDNF sensitizes IB4+ C-fiber nociceptors and causes mechanical hyperalgesia.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)
Basigin-2 is a cell surface receptor for soluble basigin ligand.
Belton RJ Jr (2008) Basigin-2 is a cell surface receptor for soluble basigin ligand. J Biol Chem 283(26):17805-17814. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801876200 PMID: 18434307
Related Products: Antibody to Basigin (Cat. #AB-42)
Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility.
De Bartolo P, Leggio MG, Mandolesi L, Foti F, Gelfo F, Ferlazzo F, Petrosini L (2008) Environmental enrichment mitigates the effects of basal forebrain lesions on cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 154(2):444-453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.069
Summary: The basal forebrain cholinergic system is a crucial participant in various facets of learning and memory. This work examines whether environmental enrichment can reduce the effect of cholinergic lesions on learning and memory tasks. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) into the cholinergic projection to the neocortex. Deficits caused by the lesion were attenuated in rats experiencing an enriched environment.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)
IB4 afferent sprouting contributes to bladder dysfunction in spinal rats.
Zinck ND, Downie JW (2008) IB4 afferent sprouting contributes to bladder dysfunction in spinal rats. Exp Neurol 213:293-302. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.006
Summary: Spinal cord injury can cause inefficient bladder function, but the direct cause is not well understood. Most work has focused on afferent neurons that contain CGRP and respond to NGF. Here the authors investigate the role of isolectin B4 (IB4)-expressing neurons that are supported by GDNF. Rats received intrathecal injections of either 2.4 µg IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) or 3 µg control saporin (Cat. #PR-01). The data suggest that IB4-afferent sprouting is involved in bladder dysfunction following spinal cord transection.
Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Galactose residues on the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of moraxella catarrhalis 26404 (serotype c) form the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum from conjugate vaccination.
Yu S, Xie H, Datta A, Naidu N, Gu XX (2008) Galactose residues on the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of moraxella catarrhalis 26404 (serotype c) form the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum from conjugate vaccination. Infect Immun 76(9):4251-4258. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01570-07
Related Products: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, FITC-labeled (Cat. #FL-04)
Selective lesion of retrotrapezoid Phox2b-expressing neurons raises the apneic threshold in rats.
Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Stornetta RL, West GH, Gwilt JM, Guyenet PG (2008) Selective lesion of retrotrapezoid Phox2b-expressing neurons raises the apneic threshold in rats. J Physiol 586:2975-2991. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153163
Summary: It is thought that transcription factor Phox2b-expressing glutamatergic interneurons are involved in the activation of breathing by elevated CO2 in the central nervous system. This activation is otherwise known as the central chemoreflex. Injections of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus eliminated Phox2b+TH- neurons but spared other neuron classes. Several different amounts of the conjugate were used (0.15, 0.3, or 0.6 ng in 1 or 2 injections). Elimination of ≥70% of Phox2b+TH- neurons markedly attenuated the central chemoreflex.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11)