References

Related publications for ATS products and services
2948 entries

The molecular basis for IL-31 production and IL-31-mediated itch transmission: from biology to drug development

Kunimura K, Fukui Y (2021) The molecular basis for IL-31 production and IL-31-mediated itch transmission: from biology to drug development. Int Immunol 33(12):731-736. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxab065

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of how IL-31 is produced in helper T cells upon stimulation and transmits the itch sensation to the brain.

Summary: This review highlights recent findings that show the functional significance of endothelial PAS domain 1 (EPAS1) and neurokinin B (NKB) in the IL-31-induced itch sensation.

Usage: Neurons expressing the Nppb receptor were specifically ablated by intrathecal injection of Nppb-SAP. Treatment with Bombesin-SAP reduced IL-31-induced scratching.

See: Sakata D et al. Selective role of neurokinin B in IL-31–induced itch response in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(4):1130-1133, 2019.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69)

Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation.

Wu B, Zhao TV, Jin K, Hu Z, Abdel MP, Warrington KJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2021) Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 22(12):1551-1562. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2

Objective: To identify a deficiency of mitochondrial aspartate production as a key abnormality in autoimmune T cells.

Summary: Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), causing ADP-deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.

Usage: Immunofluorescence (Permeabilization by 0.5% Saporin)

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Vagal afferent cholecystokinin receptor activation is required for glucagon-like peptide-1-induced satiation

Vana V, Laerke MK, Rehfeld JF, Arnold M, Dmytriyeva O, Langhans W, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS (2022) Vagal afferent cholecystokinin receptor activation is required for glucagon-like peptide-1-induced satiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 24(2):268-280. doi: 10.1111/dom.14575

Objective: To investigate the effect of peripheral GLP-1 on food-intake control.

Summary: Endogenous CCK interacts with GLP-1 to promote satiation and that activation of the FFA1 receptor can initiate this interaction by stimulating the release of CCK.

Usage: Utilized CCK-SAP to selectively ablate the CCK receptor-expressing gastrointestinal vagal afferent neurones (VANs).

Related Products: CCK-SAP (Cat. #IT-31)

Hypertensive effects of transforming growth factor-β1 in vascular smooth muscles cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats are mediated by sulfatase 2

Kim HS, Kim HY (2022) Hypertensive effects of transforming growth factor-β1 in vascular smooth muscles cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats are mediated by sulfatase 2. Cytokine 150:155754. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155754 PMID: 34808537

Objective: To examine the role of extracellular sulfatases on TGF-β1-induced effects associated with the expression of mediators related to hypertension in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Summary: The hypertensive effects of TGF-β1 through the AT1 R pathway were mainly dependent on Sulf2 activity in SHR VSMCs. Taken together, these results suggest that Sulf2, but not Sulf1, plays a major role in mediating the increased effects of TGF-β1 in hypertensive VSMCs.

Usage: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior

Dobryakova YV, Spivak YS, Zaichenko MI, Koryagina AA, Markevich VA, Stepanichev MY, Bolshakov AP (2021) Intrahippocampal adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor reverses 192IgG-saporin-induced impairments of hippocampal plasticity and behavior. Front Neurosci 15:745050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.745050

Objective: Determine any beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats with cholinergic loss.

Summary: 192-IgG-SAP was used to induce a rat animal model of cholinergic deficit. The authors concluded that NGF overexpression in the hippocampus after cholinergic loss induces beneficiall effects which are not related to maintenance of cholinergic function.

Usage: 1.5 mg of 192-IgG-SAP was injected into the medial septum area.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Enhancing the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles using peptide technology

Martin Perez C, Conceição M, Raz R, Wood MJA, Roberts TC (2022) Enhancing the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles using peptide technology. (eds. Langel Ü). In: Cell Penetrating Peptides. Methods in Molecular Biology 2383:119-141. Humana, New York, NY. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_8

Objective: To modify EVs with peptides which confer specific advantageous properties, thus enhancing their therapeutic potential.

Summary: The authors provide an overview of the applications of peptide technology with respect to EV therapeutics. We focus on the utility of EV-modifying peptides for the purposes of promoting cargo loading, tissue-targeting and endosomal escape, leading to enhanced delivery of the EV cargo to desired cells/tissues and subcellular target locations. Both endogenous and exogenous methods for modifying EVs with peptides are considered.

Usage: Streptavidin-ZAP is combined with biotinylated peptides to make a targeted saporin conjugate.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Microfluidic nanomaterials: From synthesis to biomedical applications.

Illath K, Kar S, Gupta P, Shinde A, Wankhar S, Tseng FG, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS (2022) Microfluidic nanomaterials: From synthesis to biomedical applications. Biomaterials 280:121247. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121247

Objective: To evaluate the current state of the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials using microfluidic devices.

Summary: In summary, inherent features of microfluidics enabled the controlled synthesis of biopolymer and silica nanomaterials that can easily encapsulate drugs.

Usage: Saporin was loaded quickly with nanogel of various sizes and observed that saporin loaded protein releasing depended on the density of cross-linking.

Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Contribution of small diameter non-peptidergic primary afferent neurons to central neuropathic pain in a new, more clinically relevant mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Nguyen KL, Lamerand SR, Deshpande RP, Taylor BK (2021) Contribution of small diameter non-peptidergic primary afferent neurons to central neuropathic pain in a new, more clinically relevant mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts P377/07. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.

Summary: Over 50% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffer from neuropathic pain (MSNP). Current treatments give inadequate relief due to incomplete understanding of underlying mechanisms. Recent electrophysiological recordings of primary afferent neurons (PAN) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, revealed increased afterhyperpolarization in small-diameter fibers. These data form the premise of our goal to understand the contribution of small-diameter (peptidergic or non-peptidergic) PANs to MSNP. Arguably the most common method to induce EAE is administration of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to generate an autoimmune response targeting the myelin sheath. A MOG fragment is typically given with two adjuvants: complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) to boost immunogenicity and pertussis toxin (PTX) to breakdown the blood-brain barrier and facilitate CNS immune cell infiltration. However, PTX can disrupt G-protein coupled receptors, cause pain, and alter autoimmune response gene expression. In 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice, we conducted the first rigorous comparison of a classic PTX EAE model with the novel non-PTX (nPTX) EAE model. We found that both PTX and nPTX EAE mouse models showed the same degree of: 1) motor deficits; 2) plantar hindpaw mechanical and cold hypersensitivity (except cold hypersensitivity resolved more quickly after PTX EAE than nPTX EAE); and 3) lumbar spinal cord demyelination. Unlike most rodent models of MS including PTX EAE, the nPTX EAE group exhibited somatosensory cortex demyelination, a core feature of MS in human patients and cold hypersensitivity. We suggest nPTX EAE to be the most clinically relevant rodent model available to study not only MSNP, but MS in general. To evaluate the contribution of peptidergic and non-peptidergic neurons to MSNP, we induced nPTX EAE. After 12 days we administered capsaicin (10µg/mouse, i.t.) or IB4-saporin (1.5µg/mouse, i.t.) to primarily ablate peptidergic or nonpeptidergic C-fibers, respectively. Ablation efficacy was successfully confirmed with dramatic loss in DRG of TRPV1/CGRP immunoreactivity (peptidergic C-fibers) following capsaicin, and IB4 immunoreactivity (nonpeptidergic C-fibers) following IB4-saporin. IB4-saporin, but not capsaicin, partially reduced mechanical hypersensitivity and reversed cold hypersensitivity within 9 days. These data suggest nonpeptidergic but not peptidergic C-fibers contribute to MSNP. Our next studies will use genetic knockout, chemogenetic, and optogenetic strategies using MrgprdCreER mice to modulate the activity of nonpeptidergic C-fibers.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

The role of the patch compartment of striatum in reward-driven behaviors

Ahn J, Christy DJ, Horner K (2021) The role of the patch compartment of striatum in reward-driven behaviors. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts P747/06. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.

Summary: The striatum is a neural structure that plays a critical role in cognitive functions, behavioral decision-making, and reward generation. The striatum exhibits a heterogeneous composition, containing neurons belonging to the patch compartment—which is thought to be involved in habitual reward-related behaviors—surrounded by neurons belonging to the matrix compartment—which is thought to be involved in adaptive motor control. Additionally, the striatum is further subdivided into the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), each with their own patch and matrix compartments. The DMS has been associated with goal-oriented behavior seen during the initial stages of addiction. Conversely, the DLS has been associated with habitual behaviors seen during late-stage addictive behaviors that are inflexible. It is thought that drug addiction is initially mediated by the DMS before DLS activity becomes predominant. Previously, it has been shown that the patch compartment of the DLS is necessary for development of habitual behavior, but the role of the patch compartment of the DMS is less clear. Our study intends to demonstrate that selective ablation of DMS patch compartment neurons will result in a negative impact on the initial development of reward-driven behaviors during the early stages of drug addiction. Since patch compartment neurons express a high level of mu opioid receptors compared to the surrounding matrix, we used dermorphin-saporin, a toxin that selectively destroys mu opioid receptor-containing neurons to target patch compartment neurons in the DMS and DLS for ablation. Following infusion in the DMS or DLS with dermorphin-saporin (17 ng/μl) or vehicle, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) on progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, starting with fixed ratio of 1 and ending with a fixed ratio of 5. Ablation of the patch compartment altered the level of responding for cocaine as the schedule of reinforcement became progressively labor-intensive. These data suggest that the patch compartment contributes to reward-driven behaviors.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12)

Effects of age on sexually dimorphic food protection behavior associated with hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation.

Osterlund Oltmanns JR, Schaeffer EA, Blackwell AA, Pietrucha SA, Yang H, Tasi S, Kartje GL, Wallace D (2021) Effects of age on sexually dimorphic food protection behavior associated with hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation. Neuroscience 2021 Abstracts P210.07. Society for Neuroscience, Virtual.

Summary: Loss of hippocampal cholinergic projection originating from basal forebrain structures has been associated with the progression of Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. The role of these fibers in information processing deficits has been debated; however, spontaneous behaviors such as food protection have been observed to dissociate the contributions of hippocampal and cortical cholinergic function. Sexual dimorphism and age are critical factors in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, yet these factors have not been evaluated in food protection behavior. The current study infused the immunotoxin 192-IgG-Saporin bilaterally into the medial septum to produce selective cholinergic deafferentation of the hippocampal formation. Female and male rats received infusion of the immunotoxin at either three or 18 months of age. Testing in the in the food protection paradigm began six weeks after the surgery. During the five days of testing, rats received two food protection sessions. Each of these sessions involved the rat (dodger) being placed in a transparent cylinder with a same sex conspecific (robber). The dodger was given a one-gram food item to consume, while the robber made multiple attempts to obtain the food item. The number, success rate, and type of food protection behaviors were recorded across all food protection sessions. Rats also received a third session each day in which the latency to consume the food item was recorded in the absence of the conspecific. Preliminary results indicate that sex and age interact with cholinergic hippocampal deafferentation to influence the organization of food protection behaviors. These observations establish a foundation for future work investigating novel therapeutic interventions that target neuroplasticity within spared cholinergic systems.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

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