References

Jokiaho A, Donovan C, Watts A (2014) The rate of fall of blood glucose determines the necessity of forebrain-projecting catecholaminergic neurons for male rat sympathoadrenal responses. Diabetes 63:2854-2865. doi: 10.2337/db13-1753

Summary: Different sets of glucosensors detect insulin-induced hypoglycemia depending on the onset rate. This detection controls the activation of sympathoadrenal counterregulatory responses (CRRs). Slow onset hypoglycemia, common with insulin therapy, is detected by glucosensors in the portal-mesenteric veins. Fast onset is detected by brain elements. The authors lesioned hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons to determine which set of responses-they interact with. Rats received 42 ng bilateral injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data indicate that these neurons are critical for detection of slow-onset insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Arias-Carrión O, Murillo-Rodríguez E (2014) Effects of hypocretin/orexin cell transplantation on narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in rats. PLoS One 9:e95342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095342

Summary: In this work the authors examined the effect of orexin cell grafts into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on narcoleptic-like sleep behavior. Rats received bilateral 490-ng injections of orexin-SAP* into the LH. 21 days post-lesion, the animals then received a graft consisting of dissociated cells from a 8-10 day old rat brain. The narcoleptic-like behavior was reduced in animals receiving the graft, indicating that restoration of some orexin levels may help resolve neurodegeneration.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Forsyth PA, Krishna N, Lawn S, Valadez JG, Qu X, Fenstermacher DA, Fournier M, Potthast L, Chinnaiyan P, Gibney GT, Zeinieh M, Barker PA, Carter BD, Cooper MK, Kenchappa RS (2014) p75 neurotrophin receptor cleavage by α- and γ-secretases is required for neurotrophin-mediated proliferation of brain tumor-initiating cells. J Biol Chem 289(12):8067-8085. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.513762 PMID: 24519935

Alvarez P, Green P, Levine J (2014) Role for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the induction of chronic muscle pain in the rat. Pain 155:1161-1167. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.004

Summary: In order to better understand where monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) fits in the chronic pain landscape the authors performed a series of experiments using antisense and mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides against the MCP-1 receptor in rats. Some animals also received 3.2 μg intrathecal injections of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). IB4-SAP treatment removed water avoidance stress-induced muscle hyperalgesia, as well as preventing stress-induced hyperalgesic priming that is a usual response to administration of MCP-1. The data indicate that MCP-1 takes action through its receptors on IB4+ nociceptors.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Kiris E, Wang T, Yanpallewar S, Dorsey S, Becker J, Bavari S, Palko M, Coppola V, Tessarollo L (2014) TrkA in vivo function is negatively regulated by ubiquitination. J Neurosci 34:4090-4098. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4294-13.2014 PMID: 24623787

Summary: The high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, trkA, plays an intrinsic role in the regulation of various aspects of the mammalian nervous system. The post-translational attachment of ubiquitin to trkA plays a role in the final disposition and function of many proteins; in this work the authors investigate the result of trkA ubiquitination. By removing a 3 amino acid sequence from the receptor the ubiquitination of TrkA was reduced which resulted in an increase in TrkA protein levels and activity. In mice containing this mutation, the rise in TrkA activity was accompanied by enhanced thermal sensitivity and inflammatory pain. Anti-trkA (Cat. #AB-N03) was used at a concentration of 1:500 in immunohistochemistry.

Related Products: trkA Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N03)

Ogawa S, Nathan FM, Parhar IS (2014) Habenular kisspeptin modulates fear in the zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(10):3841-3846. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314184111 PMID: 24567386

Summary: The peptide kisspeptin can be found in several areas of the brain, but its role in regions other than the hypothalamus has not been studied. Zebrafish express kiss1 mRNA which is a conserved ortholog of the mammalian KISSI/KissI making zebrafish a viable model for investigating the role of kisspeptin in various brain systems. Animals received 1 μg of the custom conjugate kiss-SAP (see NK3-SAP, Cat. #IT-63) via an intracranial injection. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Reducing Kiss1 immunoreactivity in the habenula and the raphe reduced an invoked fear response, indicating a role for kisspeptin in fear inhibition.

Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21), Kisspeptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-102)

Lee SC, Seo KW, Kim HJ, Kang SW, Choi HJ, Kim A, Kwon BS, Cho HR, Kwon B (2015) Depletion of alloreactive T cells by anti-CD137-saporin immunotoxin. Cell Transplant 24:1167-1181. doi: 10.3727/096368914X679327

Summary: The ability to selectively remove T cells that mediate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) would prevent graft rejection as well as preserve the T cells that mediate graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect – especially in cases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this work the authors used a custom conjugate of anti-mouse CD137 and saporin to eliminate alloreactive T cells during a T cell donor transfer in mice. Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17) was used as a control. Transfer of T cells after the immunotoxin treatment did not cause GVHD, but the GVL effect was left intact, indicating the potential of selective T cell depletion for transplantation.

Related Products: Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)

Sato M, Miyoshi K, Nagao Y, Nishi Y, Ohtsuka M, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S (2014) The combinational use of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and targeted toxin technology enables efficient biallelic knockout of the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in porcine embryonic fibroblasts. Xenotransplantation 21:291-300. doi: 10.1111/xen.12089

Summary: Results indicate that a combination of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and targeted toxin technology using IB4-SAP allows efficient enrichment of genome-edited clones, particularly bi-allelic KO clones.

Usage: Cells were trypsinized 3 days after transfection and approximately 80% were incubated for 30 min at 37°C in a solution (25 mcL) containing 0.5–1.0 mcg IB4-SAP.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10)

Lund K, Bostad M, Skarpen E, Braunagel M, Krauss S, Duncan A, Hogset A, Selbo P (2014) The novel EpCAM-targeting monoclonal antibody 3-17I linked to saporin is highly cytotoxic after photochemical internalization in breast, pancreas and colon cancer cell lines. MAbs 6(4):1038-1050. doi: 10.4161/mabs.28207

Summary: The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target for a wide range of human carcinomas. It has also been found on cancer stem cells, increasing the interest in targeting and eliminating cells that express it. The authors have created a monoclonal antibody that binds EpCAM, and use several assays to demonstrate the antibody’s potential as an oncology tool. In one series of assays the biotinylated antibody was combined with streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), and in conjunction with photochemical internalization was shown to have specific cytotoxicity on several different cancer cell lines over a range of concentrations.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27)

Li AJ, Wang Q, Dinh TT, Powers BR, Ritter S (2014) Stimulation of feeding by three different glucose-sensing mechanisms requires hindbrain catecholamine neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 306(4):R257-R264. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00451.2013

Summary: The glucoregulatory system of the brain requires catecholamine neurons in the hindbrain. he sensory mechanisms and connected circuitry controlling the response to glucose deficit are not well understood. In order to investigate different drugs that stimulate food intake but interfere with cellular glucose metabolism and transport the authors administered 82 ng of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus as bilateral injections. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Lesioned animals did not increase food intake in response to any of the drugs, indicating that stimulation of food intake is activated through a catecholamine-dependent pathway.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)