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Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains nerve injury-induced central sensitization.
Vera-Portocarrero LP, Zhang ET, Ossipov MH, Xie JY, King T, Lai J, Porreca F (2006) Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains nerve injury-induced central sensitization. Neuroscience 140(4):1311-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.016
Summary: Rats were treated with 1.5 pmol of dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12) or saporin (Cat. #PR-01) into each side of the rostral ventromedila medulla, followed by spinal nerve ligation. The data indicate that mu opioid-expresing neurons are necessary to maintain nerve injury-induced central sensitization.
Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Featured Article: Safety and efficacy of Substance P-SAP
Allen JW (2006) Featured Article: Safety and efficacy of Substance P-SAP. Targeting Trends 7(3)
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Differential responsiveness of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene expression to glucoprivation in different catecholamine cell groups.
Li AJ, Wang Q, Ritter S (2006) Differential responsiveness of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene expression to glucoprivation in different catecholamine cell groups. Endocrinology 147(7):3428-3434. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-0235
Summary: This work examines how subpopulations of hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons participate in systemic glucoregulation. Rats were treated with bilateral 42 ng infusions of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) expression in glucoprivic animals was then analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The data demonstrate that the ventrolateral medulla contains most of the catecholamine neurons responsive to glucoprivation.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure affects learning and vulnerability of cholinergic neurons.
Emgard M, Paradisi M, Pirondi S, Fernandez M, Giardino L, Calza L (2007) Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure affects learning and vulnerability of cholinergic neurons. Neurobiol Aging 28(1):112-121. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.11.015
Summary: Women at risk of preterm delivery are commonly treated with synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and betamethasone. Here the authors examined adult rats that were prenatally exposed to glucocorticoids. After 2.5 µg intracerebroventricular injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) or 0.44 µg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01), the rats were tested in a water maze pool. The evidence suggests that not only do prenatal glucocorticoids affect adult cognitive function, they also make cholinergic neurons more susceptible to challenges later in life.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Saporin and ricin A chain follow different intracellular routes to enter the cytosol of intoxicated cells.
Vago R, Marsden CJ, Lord JM, Ippoliti R, Flavell DJ, Flavell SU, Ceriotti A, Fabbrini MS (2005) Saporin and ricin A chain follow different intracellular routes to enter the cytosol of intoxicated cells. FEBS J 272(19):4983-4995. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04908.x
Summary: Some bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A carry a KDEL-like C-terminal peptide sequence, which targets the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) is a plant ribosome-inactivating protein, which does not contain a KDEL-like sequence. Here the authors examined the intracellular pathways utilized by saporin. Although ricin, another plant ribosome-inactivating protein, could be visualized in the Golgi complex, saporin was not. The data suggest that saporin may utilize endosomes during its journey through the cell.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Transient attenuation of CO2 sensitivity after neurotoxic lesions in the medullary raphe-area in awake goats.
Hodges MR, Opansky C, Qian B, Davis S, Bonis J, Bastasic J, Leekley T, Pan LG, Forster HV (2004) Transient attenuation of CO2 sensitivity after neurotoxic lesions in the medullary raphe-area in awake goats. J Appl Physiol 97(6):2236-2247. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00584.2004
Summary: The authors wished to investigate the influence medullary raphe-area neurons have on breathing. This control may be through CO2/H+ chemoreceptors and/or through non-chemoreceptor modulation. 1 or 10 µl of 50 pM SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07) or Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was injected into the raphe of goats. Breathing and CO2 sensitivity were evaluated during different physiologic conditions. The data suggest that SP receptor- and glutamate receptor-expressing neurons in the medullary raphe both influence CO2 sensitivity, but not altered breathing periods.
Related Products: SP-SAP (Cat. #IT-07), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Featured Article: The discovery of saporin
Stirpe F (2004) Featured Article: The discovery of saporin. Targeting Trends 5(3)
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Increased calcium influx and ribosomal content correlate with resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in mutant leukemia cell lines.
Zhang Y, Berger SA (2004) Increased calcium influx and ribosomal content correlate with resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in mutant leukemia cell lines. J Biol Chem 279(8):6507-6516. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M306117200
Summary: Ca2+ plays a vital role in many cell processes. To investigate events associated with Ca2+ and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death, the authors developed a mutant cell line with resistance to several ER stress-inducing agents. One of the assays used to define the characteristics of this cell line was treatment of the cells with 3 µg/ml of Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) and subsequent analysis of protein expression. The suppression of ribosome function partially reversed the resistance to ER stress-induced cell death.
Related Products: Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Immunotoxic destruction of distinct catecholaminergic neuron populations disrupts the reproductive response to glucoprivation in female rats.
I’Anson H, Sundling LA, Roland SM, Ritter S (2003) Immunotoxic destruction of distinct catecholaminergic neuron populations disrupts the reproductive response to glucoprivation in female rats. Endocrinology 144(10):4325-4331. doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0258
Summary: The authors hypothesized that hindbrain catcholamine neurons suppressed estrous cycles during chronic glucoprivation as an extension of their role in glucoprivic feeding. 42-ng bilateral injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) were made into the paraventricular nucleus of female rats. Lesioned rats demonstrated inhibition of reproductive function during chronic glucose deficit, but not when a normal amount of glucose was available.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)
Differential changes in rat cholinergic parameters subsequent to immunotoxic lesion of the basal forebrain nuclei.
Waite JJ, Chen AD (2001) Differential changes in rat cholinergic parameters subsequent to immunotoxic lesion of the basal forebrain nuclei. Brain Res 918:113-120. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02968-7 PMID: 11684049
Summary: 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) is used extensively to eliminate the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain in rats. Waite and Chen compare the degree of loss between 192-Saporin (6 or 8.2 µg in 10 µl into left lateral ventricle) and control (Saporin, 1.82 µg into left lateral ventricle; Cat. #PR-01) using three methods: Assay of post mortem choline acetyltransferase activity, in vivo microdialysis of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh), and in vivo assessment of the rate of ACh synthesis. The infusion of saporin alone had no effect. After fifteen weeks, the authors report compensation of cholinergic activity in lesioned animals occurs in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex as determined by measurement of the rate of ACh synthesis.
Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin Goat Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-15), Saporin Chicken Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-17AP), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)