Akmese C, Sevinc C, Halim S, Unal G (2022) Differential role of GABAergic and cholinergic ventral pallidal neurons in behavioral despair, conditioned fear memory and active coping. bioRxiv 2022.07.21.500949. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.21.500949

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Maejima Y, Yokota S, Horita S, Shimomura K (2019) The undeveloped properties of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area promote energy intake for growth in juvenile rats. Sci Rep 9(1):11848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48336-5

Objective: To determine the underlying mechanisms that induce high energy intake (EI) per body weight (BW).

Summary: Undeveloped properties of VTA GABA neurons in juvenile rats can promote higher EI regardless of high or less palatable feeding, and contribute to growth promotion.

Usage: GAT1-SAP or control, Rabbit IgG-SAP, was bilaterally injected (0.025 μg/0.5 μl) into the VTA in eight-week-old adult rats.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Solari N, Hangya B (2018) Cholinergic modulation of spatial learning, memory and navigation. Eur J Neurosci 48:2199-2230. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14089

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Kruashvili L, Dashniani M, Beselia G, Chkhikvishvili N (2018) Expression of NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and spatial long-term memory in medial septal lesioned rats. FENS 2018 Abstracts F038. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA- ergic SH projection neurons (using 192 IgG-saporin and GAT-1 saporin, respectively) on spatial memory assessed in water maze and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. Animals were tested in a standard Morris water maze. We found that immunolesion of medial septal cholinergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. In contrast, rats with immunolesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons did not show a decreased latency across training trials in water maze. Trained control rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than in the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Because Saporin treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the results suggest that saporin treated rats could not remember the training a day later. We found that the expression level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT-1 treated group compared with the control and saporin treated groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Rusadze K, Sakandelidze R, Chighladze M (2018) Effects of lesions of medial septal area on spatial short-term memory. FENS 2018 Abstracts F044. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, Berlin, Germany.

Summary: In the present study electrolytic and the immunotoxins (192 IgG saporin and GAT1-SAP) lesions of medial septal area (MS) were used to investigate the importance of cholinergic and GABAergic MS neurons in spatial working memory using spatial alternation task. In our experiments electrolytic lesions destroyed on average 69% of the intact MS. Examination of the AChE stained sections showed that after injections of 192 IgG saporin into the MS, animals exhibited significantly less AChE staining in MS as compared to sections obtained from control animals. Intraseptal GAT1-SAP preferentially reduced GABAergic neurons as compared to cholinergic neurons in the MS. The results of present study indicate that spatial short-term memory is affected only by electrolytic but not 192 IgG saporin or GAT1-SAP lesions. The behavioral testing showed that 192 IgG saporin treated rats, relative to control rats, had a significantly lower level in the number of arms entered during the testing session. However, the groups did not differ in the level of alternation behavior. GAT1-SAP lesioned rats showed that the percent alternation scores and the number of arms that the rat entered in the maze were not significantly different from control rats.

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Beselia G, Dashniani M, Burjanadze M, Solomonia R, Kruashvili L, Chkhikvishvili N (2017) Modulation of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors expression and spatial long-term memory in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Neuroscience 2017 Abstracts 428.01 / UU39. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: The hippocampus is important in the formation of spatial memory in both humans and animals. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors in the hippocampus has been reported to be essential for spatial learning and memory as well as for the induction of synaptic plasticity. Evidence accumulated from recent studies suggest that GluN2A and GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA-Rs preferentially contribute to the induction of hippocampal LTP and LTD. Using a Morris water maze (MWM) task, the LTP- blocking GluN2A antagonist had no significant effect on any aspect of performance, whereas the LTD-blocking GluN2B antagonist impaired spatial memory consolidation.1The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA-ergic1septohippocampal projection neurons [using 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) or GAT1-1 saporin (GAT), respectively] on spatial memory assessed in MWM and NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. We used MWM training protocol with eight training trials. One day after training, probe test with the platform removed was performed to examine long-term spatial memory retrieval. We found that immunolesions of medial septal cholinergic or GABAergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. Trained control and SAP treated rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was1located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-1term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal GAT treated rats. Because GAT treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the result suggest that GAT level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT treated group compared with the control and SAP treated groups.1In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus dependent1spatial memory, possible through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, our finding that selective lesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons affect probe-test performance but not spatial learning, suggests that septohippocampal GABAergic projections are involved specifically in the consolidation or retrieval, but not in the acquisition of long- term memory.

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Burjanadze M, Mataradze S, Rusadze K, Chkhikvishvili N, Dashniani M (2015) Selective lesion of GABA-ergic neurons in the medial septum by GAT1-saporin impairs spatial learning in a water-maze. Georgian Med News 240:59-64.

Summary: The authors investigated the role of GABAergic neurons in the medial septum on spatial learning using a Morris water maze test. Rats received bilateral injections totaling 162 ng of GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32) into the medial septum. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The lesioned animals displayed significant deficits during the water maze task, indicating that GABAergic neurons in the medial septum are intrinsic to organization of spatial map-driven behavior.

Related Products: GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Dashniani M, Kruashvili L, Rusadze K, Matatradze S, Beselia G (2015) Effects of immunotoxic and electrolytic lesions of medial septal area on spatial short-term memory in rats. Georgian Med News 239:98-103.

Summary: In this work the authors investigated how essential septohippocampal projections are in a spatial working memory model. Rats received bilateral injections of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01, 600 ng total) or GAT-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32, 195 ng total) into the medial septum. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Kruashvili L, Mepharishvili M, Dashniani M, Burjanadze M, Demurishvili M (2014) Spatial long-term memory and modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Neuroscience 2014 Abstracts 463.19. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of selective immunolesions of cholinergic and GABA-ergic SH projection neurons (using 192 IgG-saporin and GAT-1 saporin, respectively) on spatial memory assessed in water maze and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2B subunit expression in the rat hippocampus. We used water maze training protocol with eight training trials. One day after training, probe test with the platform removed was performed to examine long-term spatial memory retrieval. We found that immunolesion of medial septal cholinergic neurons did not affect spatial learning as exhibited by a decreased latency to find the hidden platform across the eight training trials. In contrast, rats with immunolesions of medial septal GABAergic neurons did not show a decreased latency across training trials in water maze. Trained control rats spent significantly longer than chance (15 s) performances such as swimming time in test sector (where the hidden platform was located). Moreover, they spent significantly longer in test sector than in the opposite sector, confirming the establishment of long-term memory. In contrast, the preference for test sector was abolished in medial septal immunolesioned rats. Because Saporin treated rats learned the location of the hidden platform during training, the results suggest that saporin treated rats could not remember the training a day later. We found that the expression level of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus was decreased significantly in the GAT-1 treated group compared with the control and saporin treated groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that immunolesion of medial septal GABAergic neurons can interrupt hippocampus[[unable to display character: ‐]]dependent spatial learning, possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, our finding that selective lesions of medial septal cholinergic neurons affects probe-test performance but not spatial learning, suggests that septohippocampal cholinergic projections are involved specifically in the consolidation or retrieval, but not in the acquisition of long-term spatial memory.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), GAT1-SAP (Cat. #IT-32)

Kozikowski CT, Wolfe EL, Yanev PG, Burk JA (2014) Interactions between noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons and muscarinic receptors in attentional processing. Neuroscience 2014 Abstracts 263.16. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

Summary: Numerous studies have provided evidence that basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic neurons are critical for normal attentional performance. However, the role of noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons in attention has not been well-characterized. Moreover, evidence regarding interactions between cholinergic receptor activity and noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons remains scarce. In the present experiment, rats (n=15) were trained in a two-lever sustained attention task that required to discriminate between brief illumination of a centrally located panel light (500, 100, 25 ms) from trials when the light was not illuminated. After reaching criterion performance, rats received infusions into the basal forebrain of saline (n=7) or the immunotoxin, GAT1-saporin (n=8), to lesion noncholinergic neurons. After re-establishing performance after surgery, all rats received systemic administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0, 0.05, 0.20 mg/kg, ip). When attentional testing resumed after surgical recovery, lesioned animals’ task performance did not significantly differ from sham-lesioned animals. However, following the highest dose of scopolamine, lesioned animals exhibited a larger decline in signal detection accuracy compared to sham-lesioned animals. Additionally, lesioned animals’ omission rate was higher during injection sessions compared to sham-lesioned animals. These results suggest that noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons are not necessary for performance in a well-trained attention task. However, loss of these neurons renders animals’ attentional performance more vulnerable to decreased cholinergic system stimulation. Finally, the lesion-induced increase in omissions may reflect a role for noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons in processes beyond attention.

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