Larin AA, Karpova SA, McCarley RW, Basheer R, Kalinchuk AV (2017) Glutamate and adenosine, basal forebrain and cortex: Cross-talk during prolonged wakefulness. Neuroscience 2017 Abstracts 72.2 /KK24. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.
Summary: Recently we described a biochemical cascade which is critical in promoting recovery sleep (RS) after sleep deprivation (SD). It is initially triggered in the basal forebrain (BF) and later in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This cascade includes production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent NO followed by an increase in adenosine (AD). We hypothesized that iNOS induction is triggered by an increase in extracellular glutamate (Glu), and that the increase in AD prevents further rise in Glu via its inhibitory action on AD A1 receptor (A1R). To test this hypothesis, during 8h of SD, we first examined the time course of Glu and AD in BF/PFC. Further, to investigate the role of BF Glu receptors (GluRs) in this cascade, we measured the changes in BF/PFC AD and NREMs/delta after: a) stimulating BF GluRs by NMDA or AMPA without SD; b) blocking BF GluRs during SD by NMDAR or AMPAR selective antagonists. Finally, we measured Glu in the BF/PFC after blocking A1R. Furthermore, to determine the cellular target of glutamate effects, we examined the effects BF AMPA infusion on BF/PFC AD and NREMs/delta after BF cholinergic (ChBF) lesions using 192 IgG-saporin. Male rats were implanted with EEG/EMG recording electrodes and microdialysis guide cannulae targeting the BF and PFC. Microdialysis samples were collected during 8h SD and/or drug infusion. AD and Glu were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra HPLC. To block NMDAR/AMPAR/A1R we used dizoclipine (MK-801)/6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX)/8 cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT), respectively. 1) In the BF, Glu dramatically increased at the beginning of SD, followed by increase in AD at 2 h of SD. When AD maximized at 4 h of SD, Glu concurrently decreased to baseline. High AD levels were maintained till the end of SD. In the PFC, Glu significantly increased within 2h of SD. When AD increased at 5 h of SD, Glu returned to the baseline. 2) BF AMPA mimicked the effects of SD by increasing AD in both BF and PFC. NREMs/delta increased post AMPA-infusion. NMDA was not effective. 3) BF DNQX prevented AD increase during SD in BF/PFC and attenuated RS. MK-801 did not show any effect. 4) CPT Infusion to the BF/PFC induced dramatic increase in Glu till the end of SD. 5) Lesion of ChBF prevented BF/PFC AD increase during AMPA infusion and attenuated NREMs/delta post-infusion. A rapid increase in Glu during SD may be a trigger for the induction of iNOS-NO-AD cascade in both the BF and PFC. AD via A1R exerts a negative feedback on Glu neurotransmission, preventing its further rise and potential toxicity during long-term SD. The effect of Glu on SDinduced changes is primarily mediated via AMPAR, located on ChBF cells.
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