targeted-toxins

Murillo-Rodríguez E, Millán-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, Morales-Lara D, Mechoulam R, Drucker-Colín R (2019) Cannabidiol partially blocks the excessive sleepiness in hypocretindeficient rats: Preliminary data. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 18(9):705-712. doi: 10.2174/1871527318666191021143300

Objective: To determine whether the systemic injection of CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) would block the excessive sleepiness in a narcoleptic model.

Summary: Preliminary findings suggest that CBD might prevent sleepiness in narcolepsy.

Usage: Orexin-SAP (490 ng/0.5 μL, n= 10) was bilaterally injected into the LH of rats to eliminate HCRT leading to the establishment of narcoleptic-like behavior.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20)

Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano J, Zorec R (2019) Astroglia in Alzheimer’s Disease. (eds. Verkhratsky A, Ho M, Zorec R, Parpura V). In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. 1175:273-324. Springer, Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11

Summary: A review of the tools for creating animal models of Alzheimer’s Disease. 192-IgG-SAP binds selectively and irreversibly to low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor interrupting cholinergic neuronal protein synthesis was employed. Anti-DBH-SAP binds dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which is not only localized mainly in the cytosol, but also at the plasma membrane surface of noradrenergic neurons. Anti-DBH-SAP produced specific and dose-dependent depletions of locus coeruleus neurons, with no effects on other cholinergic, dopaminergic or serotonergic neuronal populations. The possibility to induce a partial or total noradrenergic loss (by varying the injected dose) makes this immunotoxic approach an ideal model to study events within the noradrenergic projection system, as they occur during age-related demise of locus coeruleus in humans.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Seamon M, Ahn W, Li AJ, Ritter S, Harris RBS (2019) Leptin receptor-expressing neurons in ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus contribute to weight loss caused by fourth ventricle leptin infusions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 317(4):E586-E596. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00205.2019

Objective: To test the importance of VMH leptin responsiveness in mediating weight loss caused by fourth ventricle leptin infusion.

Summary: Leptin did not inhibit food intake and respiratory exchange ratio in rats treated with Leptin-SAP. VMH leptin receptors do not play a significant role in maintaining energy balance in basal conditions, but limit weight gain during positive energy balance.

Usage: Bilateral VMH 75-nl injections of 260 ng/ml of Leptin-SAP or Blank-SAP.

Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Phillips K (2019) Micro- and macro-psychological analyses of attention and the role of cholinergic systems. University of Michigan Thesis. doi: 2027.42/151673

Objective: To determine the validity of behavioral tasks used to reveal neurobehavioral and neurocognitive mechanisms of attention.

Summary: The opposing cognitive-motivational styles of sign-trackers and goal-trackers, while originating in different approaches to food and drug cues, provide us with a crucial insight into the individual differences and specific vulnerabilities for attentional processing and performance.

Usage: Bilateral bolus infusions of 192-IgG-SAP (0.8 μl/hemisphere).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Pan H, Fatima M, Li A, Lee H, Cai W, Horwitz L, Hor CC, Zaher N, Cin M, Slade H, Huang T, Xu XZS, Duan B (2019) Identification of a spinal circuit for mechanical and persistent spontaneous itch. Neuron 103(6):1135-1149.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.016

Objective: To identify a spinal circuit for mechanical and persistent spontaneous itch.

Summary: Findings indicate excitatory interneurons expressing Urocortin 3::Cre (Ucn3+) in the dorsal spinal cord as a valid cellular target for future therapeutic interventions against chronic itch, without affecting normal touch.

Usage: To ablate spinal GRPR+ neurons, mice were given a single intrathecal injection of either Bombesin-SAP or Blank-SAP (400 ng in 10 mL sterile saline). To ablate spinal Npra+ neurons, mice were given a single intrathecal injection of either Nppb-SAP or Blank-SAP (5 mg in 10 mL sterile saline).

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Nppb-SAP (Cat. #IT-69), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Katsurada K, Nakata M, Saito T, Zhang B, Maejima Y, Nandi SS, Sharma NM, Patel KP, Kario K, Yada T (2019) Central glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling via brainstem catecholamine neurons counteracts hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 9(1):12986. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49364-x

Objective: To determine mechanisms for antihypertensive effect of GLP-1R agonists.

Summary: The central GLP-1R signaling via NTS DBH neurons counteracts the development of hypertension in SHR, accompanied by attenuated sympathetic nerve activity.

Usage: Anti-DBH-SAP or Blank-SAP was injected into NTS bilaterally (6 ng/200 nl).

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)

Veening-Griffioen DH, Ferreira GS, van Meer PJK, Boon WPC, Gispen-de Wied CC, Moors EHM, Schellekens H (2019) Are some animal models more equal than others? A case study on the translational value of animal models of efficacy for Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol 859:172524. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172524 PMID: 31291566

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ritter S, Li A-J, Wang Q (2019) Hindbrain glucoregulatory mechanisms: Critical role of catecholamine neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. Physiol Behav 208:112568. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112568

Objective: To explore circuitry and potential glucose-sensing mechanisms that contribute to the functions of glucoregulatory catecholamine neurons in the ventrolateral medulla

Summary: Selective lesion of hindbrain catecholamine neurons abolishes glucoprivic elicitation of key counterregulatory responses. Selective chemogenetic activation of specific catecholamine populations elicits these responses.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), NPY-SAP (Cat. #IT-28)

Jenrette TA, Logue JB, Horner KA (2019) Lesions of the patch compartment of dorsolateral striatum disrupt stimulus-response learning. Neuroscience 415:161-172. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.033

Objective: To investigate whether enhanced activation of the patch compartment contributes to habitual behavior.

Summary: The dorsolateral patch compartment may mediate habit formation by altering information flow through basal ganglia circuits.

Usage: A volume of 2 ul of Dermorphin-SAP (17 ng/ul or an equivalent amount of unconjugated SAP (as a control) was infused bilaterally, at a rate of 0.5 ul/min.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Soares JI, Da Costa C, Ferreira MH, Andrade PA, Maia GH, Lukoyanov NV (2019) Partial depletion of septohippocampal cholinergic cells reduces seizure susceptibility, but does not mitigate hippocampal neurodegeneration in the kainate model of epilepsy. Brain Res 1717:235-246. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.027

Objective: To examine how the inhibition of epilepsy-related cholinergic plasticity may be reflected in seizure susceptibility and/or in the development of chronic epilepsy and its neurological consequences.

Summary: These data suggest that seizure-induced plasticity of cholinergic cells may indeed enhance seizure susceptibility and contribute to epileptogenic processes. They do not support the hypothesis that epilepsy-related hypertrophy of cholinergic neurons may potentiate hippocampal cell loss and respective behavioral impairments.

Usage: Bilateral lesions of cholinergic cells were made by infusing 0.5 μl of 192-IgG-saporin (0.08 μg/μl saline solution) into the hippocampus.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)