saporin

Savage S, Mattsson A, Olson L (2012) Cholinergic denervation attenuates phencyclidine-induced c-fos responses in rat cortical neurons. Neuroscience 216:38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.064

Summary: Phenylcyclidine (PCP) has been used to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals. 81 ng of 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01) was injected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of rats to assess the effects of low dose PCP in a cholinergically-deprived system. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Results demonstrate basalocortical cholinergic neurons are necessary for PCP to have full effect.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Q: What is the LD50 of saporin in mice? Do you have references for this?

A: Thank you for your question. It is very helpful to have this information to calculate the appropriate dose for systemic administration.

According to the work of Thorpe et al., saporin alone has an acute LD50, when delivered intravenously, of 6.8 mg/kg in mice. Histologic examination of kidneys from mice receiving near-lethal doses of saporin revealed necrosis of the convoluted tubules. Other major organs had only minor changes.

Once saporin is attached to an immunoglobulin, the LD50 drops dramatically to 1.0 mg/kg in systemic administration. Near-lethal doses of the conjugates, by contrast to saporin alone, inflicted major damage to the liver and spleen of the mice while the kidneys (and other organs) appeared normal under histologic examination.

References

1. Thorpe PE et al. An immunotoxin composed of monoclonal anti-thy 1.1 antibody and a ribosome-inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis: potent antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 75:151-159, 1985.

Sikandar S, Bannister K, Dickenson AH (2012) Brainstem facilitations and descending serotonergic controls contribute to visceral nociception but not pregabalin analgesia in rats. Neurosci Lett 519(1):31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.009

Summary: Neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are classified as ON, OFF, or NEUTRAL based on firing patterns in response to noxious somatic stimulation. ON cells express μ-opioid receptors, and are therefore a target for dermorphin-SAP (Cat. #IT-12). The authors injected the RVM of rats with 3 pmol of dermorphin-SAP; Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Results show the μ-opioid receptor population is not needed for the function of analgesics through the serotonergic system.

Related Products: Dermorphin-SAP / MOR-SAP (Cat. #IT-12), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Pedrino GR, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Almeida Colombari DS, Rosa DA, Cravo SL (2012) A2 noradrenergic lesions prevent renal sympathoinhibition induced by hypernatremia in rats. PLoS One 7(5):e37587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037587

Summary: It is thought that renal sympathetic nerve activity is a key component of the response to acute or chronic elevated concentrations of saline in the blood stream. The authors investigated what neurons are involved in the central control of these responses. Rats received bilateral 6.3 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the nucleus of the solitary tract. An equimolar amount (1.3 ng) of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Loss of the A2 noradrenergic neurons altered the renal sympathetic nerve activity response to elevated saline, suggesting that these neurons help regulate the extracellular fluid compartment.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Taylor AM, Osikowicz M, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (2012) Consequences of the ablation of nonpeptidergic afferents in an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 153(6):1311-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.023

Summary: The authors used IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10; 3.2 μg injected into the mental nerve) to eliminate C-fibers in the lower lip of rats to see if this was enough to induce the sprouting of autonomic fibers. Saporin alone (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Only parasympathetic fibers sprouted in these animals, but after nerve ligation surgery both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers sprouted.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Ye Y, Dang D, Viet CT, Dolan JC, Schmidt BL (2012) Analgesia targeting IB4-positive neurons in cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. J Pain 13(6):524-531. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.01.006

Summary: DOR (δ opioid receptor) agonists produce minimal side effects and do not lead to tolerance, making them potential alternatives to the widely used μ opioid receptor agonists. Utilizing the fact that DOR’s are expressed by IB4-positive neurons, the authors injected the subarachnoid space between the L4 and L5 vertebrae of rats with 2.4 μg of IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10). 3 μg of saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results indicate that pharmacological agents targeting IB4-positive neurons may have use in cancer pain treatment.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Han N, Zu JY, Chai J (2012) Spinal bombesin-recognized neurones mediate more nonhistaminergic than histaminergic sensation of itch in mice. Clin Exp Dermatol 37(3):290-295. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04314.x

Summary: The authors administered 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40) to the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space of rats and evaluated the distribution of Fos-positive cells in the dorsal horn after stimulation. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The results demonstrate that the neurons eliminated by Bombesin-SAP are critical to both acute and chronic itch pathways, although they have more effect on nonhistaminergic sensation.

Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Eng MS, Bostad M, Maelandsmo GM, Hogset A, Berg K (2012) Strongly amphiphilic photosensitizers are not substrates of the cancer stem cell marker ABCG2 and provides specific and efficient light-triggered drug delivery of an EGFR-targeted cytotoxic drug. J Control Release 159(2):197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.003

Summary: Many anti-cancer drugs are substrates of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2. Unfortunately ABCG2 is also thought to play an important role in multi-drug resistance and the protection of cancer stem cells against chemotherapeutics and photodynamic therapy. This paper examined whether photosensitizers used in photochemical internalization (PCI) are substrates for ABCG2. Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27) was combined with biotinylated EGF and applied to cells in culture; saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. The data show that PCI with the EGF-saporin toxin did not utilize ABCG2 to enter cells.

Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Minami SS, Sun B, Popat K, Kauppinen T, Pleiss M, Zhou Y, Ward ME, Floreanig P, Mucke L, Desai T, Gan L ( 2012 ) Selective targeting of microglia by quantum dots. J Neuroinflammation 9(1):22 . doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-22

Related Products: MonoBiotin-ZAP (Cat. #BT-ZAP)

Choi JI, Koehrn FJ, Sorkin LS (2012) Carrageenan induced phosphorylation of Akt is dependent on neurokinin-1 expressing neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Mol Pain 8(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-4 PMID: 22243518

Summary: In this work the authors administered 100 ng SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the intrathecal space of rats (saporin, Cat. #PR-01, was used as a control). Lesioned animals displayed decreased carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia, and carrageenan-induced phosphorylation of Akt was blocked throughout the spinal cord gray matter. Anti-NK-1 (Cat. #AB-N33AP) was used for immunohistochemistry.

Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), NK-1 Receptor Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N33AP)