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Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine.
Laplante F, Dufresne MM, Ouboudinar J, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Sullivan RM (2013) Reduction in cholinergic interneuron density in the nucleus accumbens attenuates local extracellular dopamine release in response to stress or amphetamine. Synapse 67(1):21-29. doi: 10.1002/syn.21612
Summary: The authors examined whether excessive dopamine neurotransmission in the mesolimbic system is due to higher levels of presynaptic or postsynaptic dopamine. Rats received 250-ng bilateral injections of anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42) into the nucleus accumbens. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. The data suggest that reduction of cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens suppresses presynaptic dopamine release.
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus integrate activity and temperature circadian rhythms and anticipatory responses to food restriction.
Wiater MF, Li AJ, Dinh TT, Jansen HT, Ritter S (2013) Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus integrate activity and temperature circadian rhythms and anticipatory responses to food restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305(8):R949-R960. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00032.2013
Summary: The arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus is known to participate in the regulation of feeding, adiposity, and leptin-dependent metabolism. The authors examined the role of leptin-receptive neurons in locomotor and temperature rhythms. Rats received four bilateral injections of Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47) into the Arc; Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. The lesion affected learning connected to light cycles, but not learning connected to food schedules, suggesting a mechanism for internal desynchrony that might play a role in obesity and other metabolic disorders.
Related Products: Leptin-SAP (Cat. #IT-47), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Loss of neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla that express neurokinin-1 receptors decreases the development of hyperalgesia.
Khasabov SG, Simone DA (2013) Loss of neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla that express neurokinin-1 receptors decreases the development of hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 250C:151-165. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.057
Summary: Previous data has indicated that neurokinin-1 receptors are located on ON cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). ON cells are considered pronociceptive because noxious stimulation is stimulatory. In this work the authors eliminated ON cells using 0.3-μl injections of 1 μM SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11) into the left and right side of the RVM. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. SSP-SAP treatment did not change mechanical or heat withdrawal responses, or change morphine-induced analgesia. A significant reduction in the duration of nocifensive behaviors induced by various hyperalgesic stimulators indicated that these neurons are involved in pain facilitation rather than modulation.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
BB2 bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons transmit herpes-associated itch by BB2 receptor-independent signaling.
Sasaki A, Adhikari S, Andoh T, Kuraishi Y (2013) BB2 bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons transmit herpes-associated itch by BB2 receptor-independent signaling. Neuroreport 24(12):652-656. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32836352d8
Summary: Using a skin rash model created by inoculating mice with human herpes virus, bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons were lesioned intrathecally with 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40). Lesioned animals displayed reduced scratching, but licking (due to pain) was not reduced.
Related Products: Bombesin-SAP (Cat. #IT-40), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
A novel model for evaluating therapies targeting human tumor vasculature and human cancer stem-like cells.
Burgos-Ojeda D, McLean K, Bai S, Pulaski H, Gong Y, Silva I, Skorecki K, Tzukerman M, Buckanovich RJ (2013) A novel model for evaluating therapies targeting human tumor vasculature and human cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Res 73(12):3555-3565. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2845
Objective: To evaluate tumor vascular markers (TVM) expression in a human embryonic stem cell–derived teratoma (hESCT) tumor model previously shown to have human vessels.
Summary: The model tested represents a useful tool to test anti-human TVM therapy and evaluate in vivo human CSC tumor biology.
Usage: In vitro – Anti-THY1-SAP (biotinylated Anti-THY1 mixed equimolar with Streptavidin-ZAP) was incubated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC); resulting in statistically significant MSC death. In vivo – Anti-THY1-SAP or control (Rat IgG-SAP) was administered intravenously. Treated ovarian tumors showed delayed growth and significant reduction in central tumor viability.
Related Products: Streptavidin-ZAP (Cat. #IT-27), Rat IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-17)
Time course study of targeted ablation of KNDy neurons, but not tyrosine-hydroxylase neurons, in the rat arcuate nucleus using a neurokinin b-saporin.
Helena CV, Kalil B, Anselmo-Franci JA, Bertram R (2013) Time course study of targeted ablation of KNDy neurons, but not tyrosine-hydroxylase neurons, in the rat arcuate nucleus using a neurokinin b-saporin. Endocr Rev 34:OR47-5. 95th Annual Meetin and Expo, San Francisco. doi: 10.1093/edrv/34.supp.1
Summary: Ovariectomized rats were given bilateral injections of NK3-SAP (Cat. #IT-63) into the arcuate nucleus for a time course study of KNDy neuron loss. Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control.
Related Products: NKB-SAP (Cat. #IT-63), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Evaluating the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-containing striatal interneurons in methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity.
Fricks-Gleason AN, Keefe KA (2013) Evaluating the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-containing striatal interneurons in methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 24(2):288-297. doi: 10.1007/s12640-013-9391-6
Summary: Using the fact that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons in the striatum express the substance P receptor, the authors injected four locations in the striatum with 3 ng each of SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11). Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21) was used as a control. Although there was a significant loss of nNOS-containing neurons, the lesions did not attenuate NO production.
Related Products: SSP-SAP (Cat. #IT-11), Blank-SAP (Cat. #IT-21)
Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice disrupt idiothetic navigation.
Hamlin AS, Windels F, Boskovic Z, Sah P, Coulson EJ (2013) Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice disrupt idiothetic navigation. PLoS One 8(1):e53472. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053472
Summary: Alzheimer’s disease patients perform poorly on spatial navigation tests requiring either distal cues (allothetic) or body-centered cues (idiothetic). The authors used 0.2 μg bilateral infusions of mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16) into the lateral ventricles of mice to examine the hypothesis that the cholinergic medial septo-hippocampal circuit is important for idiothetic navigation. Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35) was used as a control. Lesioned animals were similar to controls in contextual fear conditioning, spatial working memory, as well as several other parameters. But exploratory behavior requiring idiothetic signals was very disorganized, indicating that cholinergic cells are vital to idiothetic navigation.
Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Featured Article: Role of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens and their involvement in schizophrenic pathology
LaPlante F (2013) Featured Article: Role of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens and their involvement in schizophrenic pathology. Targeting Trends 14(1)
Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)
Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.
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Intact catecholamine inputs to the forebrain are required for appropriate regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression by corticosterone in the rat paraventricular nucleus.
Kaminski KL, Watts AG (2012) Intact catecholamine inputs to the forebrain are required for appropriate regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression by corticosterone in the rat paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 24(12):1517-1526. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02363.x
Summary: Corticosterone releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) control release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids. In order to determine the contribution of these neurons to CRH and vasopressin expression in the PVH the authors administered bilateral 42 ng injections of anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PVH of both normal and adrenalectomized rats. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as a control. The data demonstrate that under certain conditions CRH and vasopressin gene expression is modulated by interactions between corticosterone and catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus.
Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)