References

Bhat SA, Fatima Z, Sood A, Shukla R, Hanif K (2021) The protective effects of AT2R agonist, CGP42112A, against angiotensin ii-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in astrocytes: role of AT2R/PP2A/NFκB/ROS signaling. Neurotox Res 39(6):1991-2006. doi: 10.1007/s12640-021-00403-4 PMID: 34529240

Objective: To evaluate the role and molecular mechanism of AT2R agonist CGP against Angiotensin II-induced astrocytic activation in primary astrocytes, and in a rat model of hypertension.

Summary: AT2R activation by CGP abrogated Ang II-induced astrocytic activation, by mitigating the ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, IκB-α degradation, NFκB nuclear translocation, and release of TNF-α in astrocytes.

Related Products: Angiotensin II receptor (AT-2R) Rabbit Polyclonal, affinity-purified (Cat. #AB-N28AP)

Tadokoro T, Tanaka K, Osakabe S, Kato M, Kobayashi H, Hogan BLM, Taniguchi H (2021) Dorso-ventral heterogeneity in tracheal basal stem cells. Biol Open 10(9):bio058676. doi: 10.1242/bio.058676 PMID: 34396394

Objective: To determine whether tracheal basal cells (BCs) from the dorso-ventral airways have intrinsic molecular and behavioural differences relevant to their in vivo function.

Summary: This study revealed the differences in the characteristics of BCs based on spatial distribution, and also indicated the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in tissue homoeostasis in the trachea. The findings of this study suggest that careful observation is necessary in future research, as the influence of environment on the phenomenon should be considered.

Usage: Immunohistochemistry (1:100)

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N01)

Skulimowska I, Sosniak J, Gonka M, Szade A, Jozkowicz A, Szade K (2021) The biology of hematopoietic stem cells and its clinical implications. FEBS J 16192. doi: 10.1111/febs.16192

Objective: To review the opportunities and challenges of recent findings to improve the clinical use of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Summary: The authors describe new methods of HSC mobilization and conditioning for transplantation and highlight research that may lead to solutions for the limitations of HSC transplantation

See: Palchaudhuri R et al. Non-genotoxic conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using a hematopoietic-cell-specific internalizing immunotoxin. Nat Biotechnol 34:738-745, 2016.

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Related Products: Anti-CD117-SAP (Cat. #IT-83)

de Sanctis JB (2022) Detection of nitric oxide enzymes and its metabolites. (eds. K Agrawal, J Bouchal, V Das, J Drábek, P Dzubák, M Hajdúch, K Koberna, A Ligasová, M Mistrik, JB de Sanctis, J Srovnal). In: Laboratory Techniques in Cellular and Molecular Medicine 243-252. Palacky University. PMID: 0

Objective: To provide a protocol for detection of nitrotyrosine by ELISA.

Summary: Reiss reaction sulfanilic acid (SA) in the presence of acid medium (phosphoric acid) from the diazonium salt interacts with the azo dye agent, N-alpha-naphthyl-ethylenediamine (NAD), to form a pink color which is read at 540 nm.

Usage: Western blot; detection of S-nitrosocysteine

Related Products: NO-L-Cysteine Mouse Monoclonal, Conjugated (Cat. #AB-T125)

Soma S, Suematsu N, Sato AY, Tsunoda K, Bramian A, Reddy A, Takabatake K, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Shimegi S (2021) Acetylcholine from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates the retrieval of well-established memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 183:107484. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107484

Summary: The authors tested the effect of a cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, on the retrieval of memory after a long no-task period in extensively trained rats. The results suggest that acetylcholine released from the NBM contributes to the retrieval of well-established memory developed by a daily routine.

Usage: Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) were lesioned with 192-IgG-SAP. NBM-lesioned rats showed severely impaired task initiation and performance. These abilities recovered as the trials progressed, though they never reached the level observed in rats with intact NBM. Saline with or without 192-IgG-SAP (0.3 μg in 1 μL, per site) was bilaterally injected into 2 sites of the NBM.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Wang YQ, Liu WY, Li L, Qu WM, Huang ZL (2021) Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts. Prog Neurobiol 204:102106. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102106

Summary: To investigate the role of the LC in sleep the authors injected 0.3 µl of 192-Saporin (Cat. IT-01) or anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) at 1 µg/µl. They also used 0.3 µl of orexin-SAP (Cat. #IT-20) at either 90 ng/µl or 60 ng/µl in a separate group of animals. The results indicate that orexin innervation to the pons plays a role in arousal from sleep.

Related Products: Orexin-B-SAP (Cat. #IT-20), 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01), Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

See Also:

• Blanco-Centurion C et al. Effects of hypocretin2-saporin and antidopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pons on sleep and muscle tone. Eur J Neurosci 19(10):2741-2752, 2004.

Duggan MR, Joshi S, Strupp J, Parikh V (2021) Chemogenetic inhibition of prefrontal projection neurons constrains top-down control of attention in young but not aged rats. Brain Struct Funct 226(7):2357-2373. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02336-2

Objective: To test the hypothesis that reduced PFC output would exert differential effects on attentional capacities in young and aged rats, with the latter exhibiting a more robust decline in performance.

Summary: There is a reduced efficiency of PFC-mediated top–down control of attention and cholinergic system in aging, and that activity of PFC output neurons does not reflect compensation in aged rats, at least in the attention domain.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Dalley JW et al. Cortical cholinergic function and deficits in visual attentional performance in rats following 192 IgG-Saporin-induced lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14(8):922-932, 2004.
• Newman LA et al. Cholinergic deafferentation of prefrontal cortex increases sensitivity to cross-modal distractors during a sustained attention task. J Neurosci 28:2642-2650, 2008.
• Maddux JM et al. Dissociation of attention in learning and action: effects of lesions of the amygdala central nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Behav Neurosci 121(1):63-79, 2007.

Barrett MJ, Murphy JM, Zhang J, Blair JC, Flanigan JL, Nawaz H, Dalrymple WA, Sperling SA, Patrie J, Druzgal TJ (2021) Olfaction, cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration, and cognition in early Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 90:27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.07.024

Summary: This study examined the relationship between olfaction, longitudinal change in cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei and their target regions, and cognition in early Parkinson’s Disease.

See: Linster C et al. Selective Loss of Cholinergic Neurons Projecting to the Olfactory System Increases Perceptual Generalization Between Similar, but Not Dissimilar, Odorants. Behav Neurosci 115(4):826-833, 2001.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Jimenez-Martin J, Potapov D, Potapov K, Knöpfel T, Empson RM (2021) Cholinergic modulation of sensory processing in awake mouse cortex. Sci Rep 11(1):17525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96696-8

Objective: To decipher the timing and significance of acetylcholine actions.

Summary: Study provides new insights into how the cortex processes sensory information and how loss of acetylcholine, for example in Alzheimer’s Disease, disrupts sensory behaviours.

Usage: Focal cortical injection of mu p75-SAP or Rabbit IgG-SAP (1.7 mg/ml, 0.3 µl total volume, rate 0.075 µl/minute).

Related Products: mu p75-SAP (Cat. #IT-16), Rabbit IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-35)

Borkowski LF, Smith CL, Keilholz AN, Nichols NL (2021) Divergent receptor utilization is necessary for phrenic long-term facilitation over the course of motor neuron loss following CTB-SAP intrapleural injections. J Neurophysiol 126(3):709-722. doi: 10.1152/jn.00236.2021

Objective: The authors tested the hypothesis that phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) following treatment with CTB-SAP is: 1) adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-dependent at 7d; and 2) serotonin (5-HT) receptor-dependent at 28d.

Summary: This study furthers understanding of the contribution of differential receptor activation to pLTF and its implications for breathing following respiratory motor neuron death.

Usage: Male rats received bilateral, intrapleural injections of CTB-SAP or Saporin Control (25 μg).

Related Products: CTB-SAP (Cat. #IT-14), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)