References

Bourassa E, Stedenfeld K, Sved A, Speth R (2015) Selective C1 lesioning slightly decreases angiotensin II type I receptor expression in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Neurochem Res 40:2113-2120. doi: 10.1007/s11064-015-1649-3

Summary: Exogenous angiotensin II administered to the RVLM produces a significant pressor response that can be countered by angiotensin II type I receptor antagonists. In this work the authors examined the relative contribution of C1 and non-C1 neurons in the RVLM to this angiotensin II response. Rats received 10 or 15 ng of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) as unilateral injections into the RVLM. Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18) was used as control. The data indicate that the majority of angiotensin II type 1 receptors are expressed on non-C1 neurons or glia.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Mouse IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-18)

Chua J, Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh R, Clarke P, Moss R, Parsons T, Spendlove I, Zaitoun A, Madhusudan S, Durrant L (2015) Monoclonal antibodies targeting LecLex-related glycans with potent antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res 21:2963-2974. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3030

Summary: In this work the authors characterized two monoclonal antibodies that target glycans containing Lewis carbohydrate antigens. One of the methods used was to combine varying concentrations of the antibodies with 50 ng mouse Fab-ZAP (Cat. #IT-48) and apply the conjugates to cells for 72 hours. The antibodies were demonstrated to have efficient internalization, supported by potent in vivo anti-tumor activity.

Related Products: Fab-ZAP mouse (Cat. #IT-48)

Gibon J, Buckley S, Unsain N, Kaartinen V, Séguéla P, Barker P (2015) proBDNF and p75NTR control excitability and persistent firing of cortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 35:9741-9753. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4655-14.2015 PMID: 26134656

Summary: Principal neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC) display persistent firing (PF) during working-memory tasks. Much of the communication between the hippocampus and the neocortex passes through the EC, and the EC also receives some cholinergic input from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. In this work the authors investigated the role of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) and the p75 receptor in excitability and PF in the EC. The authors propose the proBDNF/p75 system as a regulator for pyramidal neuron excitability and PF in the EC, preventing runaway activity. Some of the western blot and current-clamp data was generated using Anti-p75 (Cat. #AB-N01; no concentration information provided).

Related Products: NGFr (mu p75) Rabbit Polyclonal (Cat. #AB-N01)

Garcia-Castillo M, Tran T, Bobard A, Renard H, Rathjen S, Dransart E, Stechmann B, Lamaze C, Lord M, Cintrat J, Enninga J, Tartour E, Johannes L (2015) Retrograde transport is not required for cytosolic translocation of the B-subunit of Shiga toxin. J Cell Sci 128:2373-2387. doi: 10.1242/jcs.169383

Summary: Bacterial and plant toxins rely on various trafficking pathways to reach intracellular targets. Shiga and Shiga-like toxins have been found to be moved via vesicular transport through several subcellular structures on the way to the cytosol. Shiga toxin (STx) is the cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, for which there is no effective treatment. In order to better understand the mechanisms of STx membrane translocation the authors used a custom conjugate of the receptor-binding B-subunit of STx (STxB) and saporin (Custom conjugation provided by Advanced Targeting Systems). In vitro assays demonstrated that STxB-SAP did not use retrograde transport to the Golgi complex in order to reach the cytosol. This information has relevance to antigen cross-presentation of antigen-presenting cells.

Related Products: Custom Conjugates

Sorge R, Mapplebeck J, Rosen S, Beggs S, Taves S, Alexander J, Martin L, Austin J, Sotocinal S, Chen D, Yang M, Shi X, Huang H, Pillon N, Bilan P, Tu Y, Klip A, Ji R, Zhang J, Salter M, Mogil J (2015) Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice. Nat Neurosci 18:1081-1083. doi: 10.1038/nn.4053

Summary: A large and rapidly increasing body of evidence indicates that microglia-to-neuron signaling is essential for chronic pain hypersensitivity. Using multiple approaches, the authors found that microglia are not required for mechanical pain hypersensitivity in female mice; female mice achieved similar levels of pain hypersensitivity using adaptive immune cells, likely T lymphocytes. This sexual dimorphism suggests that male mice cannot be used as proxies for females in pain research. Mac-1-SAP mouse/human toxin (Cat. #IT-06, 15 μg in 8.8 μl) and Saporin control (Cat. #PR-01, 8.8 μg in 8.8 μl) were administered via i.t. injection. The topic of immune system involvement in chronic pain pathophysiology is one of the most active in the pain field; that this sex difference has not been observed until now is very surprising indeed. An important implication of the current findings is that distinct strategies targeting neuroimmune signaling might be required for the treatment of chronic pain in men versus women.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Wang B, Miao Y, Zhao Z, Zhong Y (2015) Inflammatory macrophages promotes development of diabetic encephalopathy. Cell Physiol Biochem 36:1142-1150. doi: 10.1159/000430285

Summary: Diabetes can cause neuroinflammation leading to dementia. Diabetes was induced in mice by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). In order to investigate the role of inflammatory macrophages in the development of diabetic encephalopathy, the authors used twice weekly 20-μg IP injections of Mac-1-SAP (Cat. #IT-06). Mice receiving Mac-1-SAP had significantly reduced numbers of inflammatory macrophages in the brain, and also reduced responses to STZ injection.

Related Products: Mac-1-SAP mouse/human (Cat. #IT-06)

Aoki S, Liu A, Zucca A, Zucca S, Wickens J (2015) Role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in set-shifting in the rat. J Neurosci 35:9424-9431. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0490-15.2015

Summary: The authors examined the role that cholinergic interneurons in the striatum play in a process called strategy set-shifting, where an attentional shift is required. Rats received bilateral injections of Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42) into either the dorsomedial striatum or ventral striatum (500 ng total). Initial task learning was unaffected by either lesion. Lesioned animals displayed set-shifting deficits, and the deficit characteristics depended on the location of the lesion.

Related Products: Anti-ChAT-SAP (Cat. #IT-42)

Read the featured article in Targeting Trends.

Burke P, Kanbar R, Viar K, Stornetta R, Guyenet P (2015) Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 118:1491-1501. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2015

Summary: Hypoxia and hypercapnia both play roles in the activation of normal breathing. If either one is severe enough, arousal will also occur. The authors looked to better define the CNS pathways utilized by hypoxia and hypercapnia, as well as the pathways responsible for activation of arousal due to these conditions. The authors used optogenetic activation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and C1 and A5 catecholaminergic neurons, as well as selective C1 neuron stimulation in rats. Some rats also received bilateral injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) totaling 0.88 μg into the region of the lateral horn of the second thoracic segment.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03)

Bostad M, Olsen C, Peng Q, Berg K, Høgset A, Selbo P (2015) Light-controlled endosomal escape of the novel CD133-targeting immunotoxin AC133-saporin by photochemical internalization – A minimally invasive cancer stem cell-targeting strategy. J Control Release 206:37-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.008

Summary: Previously the authors demonstrated the use of photochemical internalization of a custom conjugate consisting of a CD133 antibody coupled to saporin (ATS Custom conjugation). Several cancer cell lines were plated, and incubated in the presence of a photosensitizer with either CD133-SAP at 8.6 pM or Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) at 24 pM. The different concentrations equalized the number of saporin molecules in each sample. A light source was used to initiate the internalization of the molecules. The results indicate that this is a viable strategy for the targeted treatment of cancer stem cells.

Related Products: Anti-CD133-SAP (Cat. #IT-82), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01), Custom Conjugates

Li A, Wang Q, Elsarelli M, Brown R, Ritter S (2015) Hindbrain catecholamine neurons activate orexin neurons during systemic glucoprivation in male rats. Endocrinology 156:2807-2820. doi: 10.1210/en.2015-1138

Summary: Norepinephrine and epinephrine-secreting catecholamine neurons are strong stimulators of food intake. The authors investigated the interaction between these catecholamine neurons and orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH), which are known to be involved with the stimulation of food intake, increased arousal, and behavioral activation. Rats received 82-ng injections of Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03) into the PeFLH terminal field in order to lesion catecholamine neurons. Saporin (Cat. #PR-01) was used as a control. Assessment of food intake in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose, as well as selective catecholamine activation, indicated that orexin neuron activation may be involved in glucoprivic appetite responses.

Related Products: Anti-DBH-SAP (Cat. #IT-03), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)