Li J, Rao D, Gibbs RB (2018) Effects of cholinergic lesions and cholinesterase inhibitors on aromatase and estrogen receptor expression in different regions of the rat brain. Neurosci 384:203-213. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.033

Objective: To determine if effects of cholinergic inputs on synaptic plasticity and neuronal function are mediated by effects on local estrogen production or ER expression. 

Summary: Selectively destroying cholinergic projections to the hippocampus had little effect on ARO and ER expression in many regions of the rat brain.

Usage: Rats received intraseptal injections of 2.0 ml (0.2 mg/ml) or icv injections of 0.4 mcg.  Lesions resulted in loss of ChAT-positive cells in the septum, and ChAT activity in the hippocampus.  Septal infusions eliminated most of the ChAT-IR cells in MS; ChAT activity in hippocampus also significantly decreased.  ChAT activity in the frontal cortex was not significantly affected.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Thom G, Hatcher J, Hearn A, Paterson J, Rodrigo N, Beljean A, Gurrell I, Webster C (2018) Isolation of blood-brain barrier-crossing antibodies from a phage display library by competitive elution and their ability to penetrate the central nervous system. mAbs 10:304-314. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1409320 PMID: 29182455

Summary: Fluorescence microvolume assay technology (FMAT) periprep extract or Nickel-purified scFvs from E. coli were transferred into assay plates containing 10 ml (1:1000 dilution of a 1 mg/ml stock solution) mouse anti-HIS MAb.)

Related Products: 6His Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-213)

Webster C, Caram-Salas N, Haqqani A, Thom G, Brown L, Rennie K, Yogi A, Costain W, Brunette E, Stanimirovic D (2016) Brain penetration, target engagement, and disposition of the blood-brain barrier-crossing bispecific antibody antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1. FASEB J 30:1927-1940. doi: 10.1096/fj.201500078 PMID: 26839377

Summary: To generate a BBB-transmigrating antibody that could be reformatted to full IgG, scientists started with the BBB-crossing llama single domain antibody FC5. Standard phage display protocols were used to isolate single-chain variable fragments (scFv) from the FC5-scFv library. 6His Mouse Monoclonal antibody (Cat. #AB-213) was used to assess cell binding of scFvs of FC5 using fluorescence microvolume assay technology. An scFv that competed with FC5 binding was selected for further testing. An antibody antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 was fused with this scFv antibody fragment (BBB-mGluR1) and tested in an in vitro BBB model. The resulting bispecific antibody retained selective mGluR1 binding and saw a 20-fold enhanced rate of transcytosis across the BBB compared to fusion with control antibody fragment. Intravenous injection of BBB-mGluR1 had analgesic properties in a rat model of persistent inflammatory pain.

Related Products: 6His Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-213)

Neace CJ, Alderete JF (2013) Epitopes of the highly immunogenic trichomonas vaginalis alpha-actinin are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men. J Clin Microbiol 51(8):2483-2490. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00582-13 PMID: 23616456

Summary: Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic protozoan that is the most common nonviral causative agent for sexually-transmitted infections. The presence of T. vaginalis in men is usually asymptomatic, making it difficult to assess exposure to the organism. The authors examined sera from exposed individuals for reactivity to specific epitopes of trichomonad α-actinin. A recombinant version of trichonomad α-actinin was constructed and detected using Anti-6His (Cat. #AB-213). Some epitopes were reactive with sera from both men and women, making them potential diagnostic targets.

Related Products: 6His Mouse Monoclonal (Cat. #AB-213)

Gelfo F, Tirassa P, De Bartolo P, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Angelucci F (2011) Brain and serum levels of nerve growth factor in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 25(2):213-217. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110047 PMID: 21368378

Objective: Using nerve growth factor (NGF) as a marker of disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease using cholinergic depletion animal models.

Summary: Different Alzheimer’s disease stages show different levels of NGF present in the brain. 192-IgG-SAP was used to deplete the cholinergic neurons in rats the same way as Alzheimer’s does in humans. NGF levels were measured by ELISA 3, 7, and 15 days after injection and a disease progression correlation with NGF was constructed.

Usage: 2 µL/side of immunotoxin 192 IgG-SAP (IT-01) diluted in PBS (2 µg/µL) was bilaterally injected into lateral ventricles (rate: 1 µL/min).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Klinkenberg I, Blokland A (2010) The validity of scopolamine as a pharmacological model for cognitive impairment: A review of animal behavioral studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(8):1307-1350. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.001 PMID: 20398692

Objective: To provide an overview is given of the effects of scopolamine on animal behavior.

Summary: The most important and influential articles over the past 40 years are included in the present review. The cholinergic hypothesis of memory function as originally put forward by Bartus et al. (1982) has undergone a revision after several lesion studies were performed which used the highly specific cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-SAP (Wiley et al., 1995).

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

See Also:

• Chudasama Y et al. Cholinergic modulation of visual attention and working memory: Dissociable effects of basal forebrain 192-IgG-saporin lesions and intraprefrontal infusions of scopolamine. Learn Mem 11(1):78-86, 2004.
• Wiley RG et al. Destruction of the cholinergic basal forebrain using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor: modeling the cholinergic degeneration of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 128:157-166, 1995.
• Wiley RG et al. Immunolesioning: Selective destruction of neurons using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor. Brain Res 562:149-153, 1991.
• Wrenn CC et al. The behavioral functions of the cholinergic basal forebrain: lessons from 192 IgG-saporin. Int J Dev Neurosci 16(7-8):595-602, 1998.
• Wenk GL The nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic system: one hundred years of progress. Neurobiol Learn Mem 67(2):85-95, 1997.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Intact spatial learning in both young and aged rats following selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. Behav Neurosci 110:460-467, 1996.
• Baxter MG et al. Disruption of decrements in conditioned stimulus processing by selective removal of hippocampal cholinergic input. J Neurosci 17:5230-5236, 1997.
• Chiba AA et al. Selective removal of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain alters cued target detection. Neuroreport 10(14):3119-3123, 1999.
• McGaughy J et al. Effects of chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine, but not aging, on the detection and identification of conditional visual stimuli. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50(2):B90-B96, 1995.
• McGaughy J et al. Crossmodal divided attention in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide and scopolamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115(1-2):213-220, 1994.
• Torres EM et al. Behavioral, histochemical and biochemical consequences of selective immunolesions in discrete regions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Neuroscience 63:95-122, 1994.
• Voytko ML Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in monkeys: memory or attention?. Behav Brain Res 75(1-2):13-25, 1996.

Zinck ND, Downie JW (2008) IB4 afferent sprouting contributes to bladder dysfunction in spinal rats. Exp Neurol 213:293-302. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.006

Summary: Spinal cord injury can cause inefficient bladder function, but the direct cause is not well understood. Most work has focused on afferent neurons that contain CGRP and respond to NGF. Here the authors investigate the role of isolectin B4 (IB4)-expressing neurons that are supported by GDNF. Rats received intrathecal injections of either 2.4 µg IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10) or 3 µg control saporin (Cat. #PR-01). The data suggest that IB4-afferent sprouting is involved in bladder dysfunction following spinal cord transection.

Related Products: IB4-SAP (Cat. #IT-10), Saporin (Cat. #PR-01)

Scattoni ML, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L (2003) Neonatal cholinergic lesions and development of exploration upon administration of the GABAa receptor agonist muscimol in preweaning rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 76(2):213-221. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00191-6

Summary: The authors investigated GABAergic development in young rats lesioned with two 0.42-ng injections of 192-Saporin (Cat. #IT-01) into the third ventricle. The rats were then treated with the GABA agonist muscimol chloride and observed during locomotor and exploration tests. No change was noted in GABAergic agonist reactivity in lesioned animals.

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Ferencz I, Kokaia M, Elmer E, Keep M, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (1998) Suppression of kindling epileptogenesis in rats by intrahippocampal cholinergic grafts. Eur J Neurosci 10:213-220. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00033.x

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)

Yu J, Wiley RG, Perez-Polo RJ (1996) Altered NGF protein levels in different brain areas after immunolesion. J Neurosci Res 43:213-223. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960115)43:2<213::AID-JNR9>3.0.CO;2-J

Related Products: 192-IgG-SAP (Cat. #IT-01)