Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells, playing key roles in chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, intracellular transport, cell shape maintenance, migration, and morphogenesis. They are composed of tubulin heterodimers, each consisting of one -tubulin and one -tubulin subunit, which are highly conserved across eukaryotic species. Tubulin is a major target for therapeutic drugs, and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization or depolymerization have been extensively developed as antimitotic agents in cancer chemotherapy.
